WH movement 2 Oct. 17, 2012 – Day 20 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

C OURSE MANAGEMENT We need to spend our $150 from the Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund. 10/17/12 2 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

REVIEW 10/17/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 3

WH QUESTION TREE (5.3) 10/17/12 4 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN she AuxP T Af 3sPast CøCø VP Aux was V dating PRN who was+Af 3sPast was C’C’ CP PRN who Note that Radford does not put ‘was’ in Aux.

QP which picture of himself PICTURE REFLEXIVE 10/17/12 5 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’DetP ø Jim T Af 3sPast CøCø VP V bought C’C’ CP QP which picture of himself T’T’ VP wonder TP DetP ø Joe T Af 3sPast

DERIVING WH-MVT & AUX INVERSION Radford §5.4 10/17/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 6

C ONJECTURES C can contain an edge feature (EF) which requires a specifier to appear at its edge, see slide 7. Interrogative Condition (24) A clause is interpreted as a non-echoic question if it is a CP with an interrogative specifier. An interrogative C in main clauses contains a strong tense feature, see slide 8, which is the same assumption as for yes-no questions. A yes-no question must have a null interrogative ADV whether in its specifier, see slide 9. Evidence, p /17/12 7 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

EMBEDDED WH QUESTION TREE (5.26) 10/17/12 8 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN she AuxP T Af 3sPast C [EF] ø VP Aux was V dating PRN who C’C’ VP wonder CP PRN who was

MAIN WH QUESTION TREE (5.29) 10/17/12 9 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN she AuxP T Af 3sPast C [TNS, EF] ø VP Aux was V dating PRN who was was+Af 3sPast C’C’ CP PRN who From now on, I will collapse the creation of the specifier and the movement to it into a single step.

MAIN YES-NO QUESTION TREE (5.36) 10/17/12 10 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN she AuxP T Af 3sPast C [TNS, EF] ø VP Aux was V dating PRN him was was+Af 3sPast C’C’ CP ADV whethe r -----

P IED PIPING Radford §5.5 10/17/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 11

PIED PIPING 10/17/12 12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

PIED PIPING WITH A WH WORD Initial data 37a) You have done which assignment? 37c) Which assignment have you done? 37b) Which have you done assignment? The Chain Uniformity Condition (40) A chain is uniform with respect to phrase structure status. The chain for (37b) is not uniform because its end is a head, but its beginning is a phrase (maximal projection), or at least is in a phrasal node (the specifier of CP) see the next slide. 10/17/12 13 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane *

T’T’PRN she AuxP T Af 3sPast C [TNS, EF] ø VP Aux was V dating Q which C’C’ QP N actor MOVE Q WITHOUT N (5.39) 10/17/12 14 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP was was+Af 3sPast CP Q which

ECONOMY So the whole phrase can move to satisfy the Chain Uniformity Condition, but why must it move? Attract Smallest Condition (41) A head which attracts a particular type of item attracts the smallest constituent containing such an item [which will not lead to an violation of any UG principle]. This means that the QP must be moved, but not any constituent above it, such as VP. This may be one aspect of a more general condition: Economy Condition (44) Derivations and representations are required to be minimal, with no superfluous steps in derivation and superfluous symbols in representation. 10/17/12 15 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

POSSESSIVES/GENITIVES Initial data 45a) You have borrowed whose car? 45c) Whose car have you borrowed? 45b) Whose have you borrowed car? Structure of possessive/genitive [ DP [ PRN whose] [ D’ [ D ø] [ N car]]] ~ who’s the car New problem Whose is a maximal projection and so should be extractable all by itself, but (45b) shows that it is not. Left Branch Condition (47) In languages like English, the leftmost constituent of a nominal expression cannot be extracted out of the constituent containing it. 10/17/12 16 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane *

NEXT TIME Continue WH movement 10/17/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 17