“Ungulata” (various supraordinal ranks) has included: Cetacea: whales Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates Hyracoidea: hyraxes Proboscidea: elephants Sirenia: manatees & dugongs Tubulidentata: aardvarks Various fossil orders...

Whales & dolphins Artiodactyls Carnivorans Pangolins Perissodactyls Bats Solenodons Moles Shrews Hedgehogs Primates Treeshrews Colugos Lagomorphs Rodents Xenarthrans Golden moles Tenrecs Elephant shrews Aardvarks Dugongs & manatees Hyraxes Elephants

Mesaxonic Paraxonic tapir rhino horse pig deer camel pronghorn “double-pulley” astragalus in artios limits distal limb motion to single plane

Funcions: -enable males to carry out combat in competition for mates -secondarily used for display, indicators of social status, antipredator defense, secretion delivery Cranial appendages in ruminants

bovid True “horns” only found in bovids (Bovidae). -unbranched and permanent -Inner bony core, extension of frontal bone -no parts are shed Cranial appendages in ruminants

bovid Single pair in all but one living bovid (four-horned antelope, Tetracerus) Cranial appendages in ruminants

antilocaprid Cranial appendages in ruminants Pronghorns (found only in Antilocapridae) -Similar bony core to bovids -horny sheath shed annually

cervid Cranial appendages in ruminants True antlers only in Cervidae -entirely bony when fully developed -extension of frontal bone -shed periodically (usually annually in temperate zones) -during growth, covered with velvet (highly vascularized)

giraffe Cranial appendages in ruminants Giraffe “horns” -bony processes, but not outgrowths of the frontal bone -situated over sutures b/w frontal and parietal bones -permanently covered with skin and hair -present from birth in both sexes

rhino Cranial appendages in ruminants Rhinoceros “horns” -non-bony -solid mass of hardened epidermal cells formed from cluster of long dermal papillae -resulting fibers hair-like, but grow differently from true hairs -not attached to underlying nasal bones

Order Perissodactyla: 3 families, 6 genera,ca 17 species Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras) 1 genus, ca. 8 species Family Tapiridae (tapirs) 1 genus, 4 species Family Rhinocerotidae (rhinos) 4 genera, 5 species. -MESAXONIC

glutenized, keratinized fibers

Order Artiodactyla: 10 families, 80 genera, >220 species! Suborder Suiformes Family Suidae-pigs Family Tayassuidae -peccaries Family Hippopotamidae-hippos Suborder Tylopoda Family Camelidae-camels, guanaco, llama, alpaca Suborder Ruminantia Infraorder Tragulina Family Tragulidae-chevrotain, mouse deer Infraorder Pecora Superfamily Giraffoidea Family Giraffidae-giraffes Superfamily Cervoidea Family Moschidae-musk deer Family Cervidae-deer, elk, caribou, moose, reindeer Family Antilocapridae-pronghorn Superfamily Bovoidea Family Bovidae-bison, muskox, goats, sheep, antelope, cows PARAXONIC

Major CRANIODENTAL trends in ungulate evolution: Omnivore/carnivore pointy incisors & canines large temporalis, coronoid process; small angular pr. of dentary cheekteeth tritubercular or bunodont Herbivore flat incisors, us. no canines; diastema small temporalis, coronoid process; large angular pr. cheekteeth flat for grinding; lophodont, selenodont, bilophodont, etc.

Omnivore/carnivore simple, monogastric stomach Herbivore complex stomach, either foregut fermen- tation (digastric stomach) or hindgut (cecal or monogastric) fermentation Major DIGESTIVE trends in ungulate evolution:

HerbivoreCarnivoreInsectivoran

Rumination (foregut fermentation) Hindgut fermentation

Cellose digested: 60% 40-45%

Major POSTCRANIAL trends in ungulate evolution: Omnivore/carnivore simple, monogastric stomach plantigrade Herbivore complex stomach, either foregut fermen- tation (digastric stomach) or hindgut (cecal or monogastric) fermentation digitigrade, unguligrade, graviportal. increase SPEED!

BIOMECHANICS: Application of mechanical principles on living organisms.

PlantigradeDigitigradeUnguligrade