1. Hoofed mammals
Ungulates

2. Ungulates: Refer to mammals with hooves
Artiodactyla: even toed
Perissodactyla: odd toed

3. Hoofed mammals (ungulates)
Order Perissodactyla
Order Artiodactyla
Weight borne on one central toe
Weight shared between two central toes

4. Hoof a modified nail?
Hooves, claws, and nails are all composed of two structures: the unguis (a scale-like plate; our finger- and toe-nails) and the subunguis (a softer layer, found as a very fine layer on the underside of our fingernails) which connect the unguis to the pad of the digit.

5. Hoof a good modification?
Ungulates account for the majority of the herbivores in the world
Over 257 species

6. Skulls of ungulates Perissodactyla Ovis - sheep Equus - horse
Artiodactyla
Sus - pig
Camelus - camel

7. Perissodactyla Contains17 Recent species in three families:
Equidae (horses),
Tapiridae (tapirs),
Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)

8. Perissodactyls: Equidae examples
Equus caballus
Feral horse (Mustang)
Przewalski’s Horse
Equus asinus donkey
3 species
Zebra

9. Perrisodatyles are Herbivores
Unique digestive system and dentition to suit their diet.
Special bacteria in their intestines to digest cellulose.

10. Canines large in males, small or absent in females
Horse skull
Cusps of cheekteeth joined by ridges
Long diastema
Canines large in males, small or absent in females

11. Equidae: True wild horses are called the Przewalski’s
True wild horses do not look like the domesticated horse which has been bred by humans for over 4,000 years.
Horses:

12. Equidae: Zebra’s 3 species: Grevy’s Plains Mountain

13. Perissodactyl: Tapiridae (Tapirs)
Diet: Herbivore
Average life span in the wild:25 to 30 years
Size:Height at shoulder, 29 to 42 inches
Weight:500 to 800 lbs
Status:Endangered

14. Perissodactyl: Tapiridae = Tapirs
Malayan Tapir
Mountain Tapirs
Lowland Tapir
Bairds Tapir

15. Perissodactyl: Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceros)
STATUS:Endangered
DESCRIPTION:
There are five species of rhinos
The African species: white and black rhinos.
Asian rhinos include the Indian and the Javan
The five species range in weight from 750 pounds to 8,000 pounds and stand anywhere from four and a half to six feet tall.

16. Perissodactyl: Rhinocerotidae
POPULATION:
Black Rhino: 2,400 
White Rhino: 7,500
Sumatran Rhino: 400
Javan Rhino: fewer than 100
Indian Rhino: more than 2,000

18. Perissodactyl: Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceros)

19. Perissodactyl: Rhinocerotidae
LIFESPAN: 35 years.
HABITAT:
Rhino habitat ranges from savannas to dense forests in tropical and subtropical regions.

21. Artiodactyla
Artiodactyls are the most diverse, large, terrestrial mammals alive today. They are the fifth largest order of mammals, consisting of approximately 210 species.

22. Suborders and families of Artiodactyla
1 Domestic Cow Ruminantia
2 Cape Buffalo Ruminantia
3 White-tailed Deer Ruminantia
4 Pygmy (Hippopotaminae)
5 Caribou Ruminantia
6 Giraffe Ruminantia
7Hippopotamus (Hippopotaminae)
8South American LamaTylopoda
9White-lipped PeccaryTayassuidae
10 Common Warthog Suidae
11Domestic Pig Suidae
12 Camel Tylopoda 13Collared PeccaryTayassuidae 14Bison Ruminantia (Bovidae)

23. Artiodactyla
Ruminants
Upper incisors absent, replaced in life by a hard pad on which lower incisors bite
Suiformes
(non ruminants)
Male canines curl upward

24. Artiodactyla: Herbivores
Artiodactyla are also herbivores
Most are Ruminants
Digestion in ruminants occurs sequentially in a four-chambered stomach

26. Compared to the perissodactyla
Artiodactyla have cloven feet.
Why the difference?

27. artiodactyls - 1
Capra hircus – goat
Cervus timorensis - rusa
Camelus dromedarius – camel
Sus scrofa – pig

28. artiodactyls - 2 Antilope cervicapra - blackbuck
Bos taurus x Bos indicus – cattle
Bubalus bubalis – buffalo
Bos javanicus – banteng

29. And finally, Cetacea Two suborders: Mysticeti Odontoceti Baleen whales
Right whales
Rorquals
Odontoceti
Toothed whales
Sperm whales
Dolphins

30. How can whales be related to artiodactyla?
Astragali of the Eocene protocetids (left) and Artiocetus clavis (right), as compared to that of the pronghorn Antilocapra americana (centre). Note the distinct double-pulley shape.

31. Molecular evidence now indicates clearly that cetaceans are actually artiodactyls that have become totally aquatic

32. Mysticeti Balaenopteridae - Rorquals Balaenidae – Right whales
Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback
Balaena australis
Southern Right While
Balaenoptera physalus – Fin whale

33. Baleen is used to filter plankton
Long, fine baleen of Blue Whale, suitable for filtering krill (tiny crustaceans)
Baleen hangs down from palate
Short, coarse baleen of Minke Whale, suitable for trapping small fish

34. Balaenoptera musculus – Blue whale
Grooves on throat of rorquals are normally pulled tight to make mouth into a beak
But when feeding, the whale relaxes the grooves and takes in gallons of water, which it pushes through the baleen and expels, filtering out the prey

35. Odontoceti – toothed whales
Delphinus delphis – Common dolphin
Orcinus orca – Orca or Killer whale
Homodont (teeth all alike) usually dozens in each jaw
Physeter macrocephalus – Sperm whale
Sperm whale tooth