1. Traditional view: Insectivorans represent primitive eutherian stock.

2. Original classification of Insectivora (mid-1800s): Elephant shrews Treeshrews Flying lemurs Erinaceidae Solenodontidae Soricidae Talpidae Chrysochloridae Tenrecidae Insectivora

3. Original classification of Insectivora (1866): Elephant shrews Treeshrews Flying lemurs Erinaceidae Solenodontidae Soricidae Talpidae Chrysochloridae Tenrecidae Cecum present: Order Menotyphla Cecum absent: Order Lipotyphla

4. Original classification of Insectivora (1900s): Elephant shrews: Order Macroscelidea Treeshrews: Order Scandentia Flying lemurs: Order Dermoptera Erinaceidae Solenodontidae Soricidae Talpidae Chrysochloridae Tenrecidae Cecum absent: Order Lipotyphla (but use of “Insectivora” continued)

5. Proposed synapomorphies (Butler 1988): 1.Maxillary expansion in orbit 2.Mobile proboscis 3.Reduced jugal 4.Hemochorial placenta 5.Reduced pubic symphysis 6.Cecum absent Lipotyphla Late 1900s: Is Lipotyphla a natural group?

6. 1.Maxillary expansion in orbit (preventing contact of palatine & frontal) maxilla palatine frontal Hedgehog Opossum BUT, golden moles, some tenrecs don't have expanded maxilla.

7. 2.Mobile proboscis present in some... absent in others... and PRESENT in many non-lipotyphlans

8. 3.Reduced jugal BUT, small jugals in hedgehogs may represent ancestral condition in eutherians. Jugal reduction in other lipotyphlans not well understood.

9. Tenrecs, golden moles, hedgehogs, solenodons (& some primates, bats, rodents...) shrews, some moles

10. 5.Reduced pubic symphysis connected with cartilage only; no bony fusion ilium pubis BUT, reduced symphysis found in most fossorial mammals. "Reduced" difficult to categorize.

11. small intestine large intestine Cecum: 1st part of large intestine 2 primary functions: 1)Microbial breakdown of partially digested food 2)Recover moisture from digesting food In general, faunivores have simple gut tubes (animal prey easier to digest). Ancestral eutherian condition uncertain.

12. HerbivoreCarnivoreInsectivoran

13. Whales & dolphins Artiodactyls Carnivorans Pangolins Perissodactyls Bats Solenodons Moles Shrews Hedgehogs Primates Treeshrews Colugos Lagomorphs Rodents Xenarthrans Golden moles Tenrecs Elephant shrews Aardvarks Dugongs & manatees Hyraxes Elephants DNA sequence data: Lipotyphla is non-monophyletic!

14. Laurasia Gondwana Plate tectonics separate N. & S. supercontinents

15. Whales & dolphins Artiodactyls Carnivorans Pangolins Perissodactyls Bats Solenodons Moles Shrews Hedgehogs Primates Treeshrews Colugos Lagomorphs Rodents Xenarthrans Golden moles Tenrecs Elephant shrews Aardvarks Dugongs & manatees Hyraxes Elephants Southern hemisphere radiation (‘Afrotheria’) Northern hemisphere radiation (‘Laurasiatheria’)

16. Whales & dolphins Artiodactyls Carnivorans Pangolins Perissodactyls Bats Solenodons Moles Shrews Hedgehogs Primates Treeshrews Colugos Lagomorphs Rodents Xenarthrans Golden moles Tenrecs Elephant shrews Aardvarks Dugongs & manatees Hyraxes Elephants AfrotheriaLaurasiatheria Afrotheria Parallel adaptive radiations on N. & S. supercontinents: