AMERICA AND THE WORLD, America: Past and Present Chapter 27

Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry F 1920s--American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment F U.S. refuses to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace

Retreat in Europe F Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war but binds no action to preserve peace F U.S. refuses recognition of Soviet Union F U.S. quarrels with former allies over repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans

Cooperation in Latin America F Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substitute cooperation for military coercion F FDR’s "Good Neighbor" policy renounces past imperialism F U.S. continues political, economic domination of Latin America

Rivalry in Asia F Japanese occupy Korea, parts of Manchuria F U.S. Open Door policy blocks Japanese dominance of China

Rivalry in Asia: Washington Conference of 1921 F England agrees to U.S. naval equality F Japan accepted as third largest naval power F All nations agree to limit naval construction F Nine-Power Treaty--Open Door Policy reaffirmed F Four-Power Treaty--establishes alliance among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France

Isolationism F Depression shifts focus to domestic affairs F Rise of militaristic regimes threatens war – Germany – Italy – Japan

The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality F Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war F Senator Gerald Nye leads passage of neutrality legislation – U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited – U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited F Japan invades China F FDR permits sale of arms to China

War in Europe F FDR approves appeasement of Hitler F Hitler seizes Czechoslovakia F FDR attempts to revise the neutrality acts, to give edge to England, France F January, FDR attacks neutrality acts F September W.W.II begins, Roosevelt declares the acts in force

The Road to War F U.S. remains at peace F Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany and Japan F Roosevelt openly expresses favor for Allies, moves cautiously to avoid isolationist outcry

From Neutrality to Undeclared War F FDR seeks help for England without actually entering the war F November, belligerents may buy U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis F German occupation of France

From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England F U.S. gives or loans war supplies F U.S. ships transport war supplies F Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization

Showdown in the Pacific F Japanese occupation of coastal China F U.S. limits exports to Japan of strategic materials F Japan allies with Germany, Italy F Japanese invasion of Indochina prompts U.S. to end all trade

Showdown in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor F U.S.-Japanese negotiations F Japan’s demands – Free hand in China – Restoration of normal trade relations F U.S. demands Japanese troops out of China F December 7, Pearl Harbor attacked F December 8--War declared

Turning the Tide Against the Axis F December, Axis on the offensive F U.S., England, Russia fight to seize the initiative F offensive to crush Axis

Wartime Partnerships F U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill F Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance F Soviet Union often feels alone in conflict F Wartime tensions persist after victory

Halting the German Blitz F November U.S. invades North Africa F May U.S., England invade Italy – Mussolini falls from power – Slow advance up the Italian peninsula F Summer, Battle of Stalingrad – Russia defeats Germans – Begins advance into eastern Europe

Checking Japan in the Pacific F Two-pronged drive against Japan – Douglas MacArthur leads drive through New Guinea to the Philippines – Chester Nimitz leads navy westward from Pearl Harbor to the Philippines F June, victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories

The Home Front F War ends depression F Economy geared for military output F Scarce goods rationed F Income of lowest-paid laborers increases faster than the rich F High savings rate lays basis for postwar prosperity

A Nation on the Move F Wartime migration South and West F Early marriages, increased birth rates F Family-related social problems – Housing shortages – More divorces – Neglected children

A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions F Women’s income increases 50% F African-Americans – Equal opportunities in war-related industry – Surging migration from the rural South F Mexican-Americans take urban factory jobs

A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment F 120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps F Supreme Court rejects appeal for release F Congress votes indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors

Win-the-War Politics F Republican-Southern Democrat coalition controls Congress F November, Truman attracts moderates, FDR wins fourth term F February, Yalta Conference F April 12, FDR dies

Victory F June 6, Normandy Invasion F April 25, U.S., Russian forces meet at Torgau F May 7, unconditional German surrender

War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy F Russia claims eastern Europe as prize for conquest of Germany F U.S. seeks collective security arrangement including the United Nations F Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify U.S., Soviet differences

Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific F June 21, U.S. capture Okinawa, complete control of Pacific F May-August--intense air attacks on Japan F August 6--atom bomb destroys Hiroshima F August 9--atom bomb destroys Nagasaki F August 14--Japan surrenders

The U.S. at War’s End F U.S. the most powerful nation on earth F Unprecedented economic prosperity F Federal government a permanent force in daily life