Animal Organ Systems

Anatomy Study of the form, shape , and appearance of the animal.

Physiology Focuses on the function of the cells, tissues, organs and systems of the body Systems of the body – skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive

Skeletal sytem

Skeletal System Protects the delicate internal organs and helps keep them properly arranged the body Bones – hard part of skeleton, made of calcium, phosphorus, and other substances Cartilage – found at the ends of bones, flexable material that lubricates the joints and cushion shocks.

Muscular System

Muscular System. Largest system in the body, making up 45% of the body weight of hogs, cattle and chickens.

Muscular System Locomotion Circulation Digestion Breathing

Muscular Types Voluntary - Controlled by thinking part of the brain Involuntary – Automatically controlled by a lower part of the brain

Nervous system

Nervous Systems Made up of nerve tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the brain to the muscles by way of the spinal cord.

Central Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Memory, actions, and reasoning are in the brain Spinal cord is the main tissue through which the brain sends and receives messages

Autonomic Nervous System Contain nerves that are connected to the involuntary muscles and organs Provides for near automatic operation of the organs

Peripheral nervous system Includes all of the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord Muscles action is sent through these nerves by the brain

Receptors Collect information from the environment The five sensory receptor types are Sight Hearing Touch Taste Smell

Circulatory system

Moves blood throughout the body. Circulatory system Moves blood throughout the body. Blood is made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Blood Plasma – 90% water Glucose, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids (proteins) Red blood cells - contain hemoglobin and are made in the bone marrow White blood cells – help fight off disease Platelets – essential for blood to clot

Circulatory system parts Heart – pump that sends blood throughout the system Arteries – vessels that carry blood from the heart Capillaries – small branches from the arteries that carry blood to the cells Veins – carry blood back to the heart

Respiratory system

Respiratory system moves gases to and from the circulatory system.

Respiratory system cont. Internal respiration – exchange of gases between the cells and the blood within the body External respiration – exchanges of gases in the lungs between the blood and the atmosphere

Respiratory system cont. Nostrils – openings near mouth through which gases enter and leave the body Pharynx – connects the nose area with the mouth area Larynx – often called a voice box Trachea – wind pipe – connects pharynx with lungs Lungs – gas is exchanged between atmosphere and blood

Breathing Inspiration – Process of taking air into the lungs Expiration – Process of moving air out of lungs

Excretory System

Rids the body of wastes from cell activity Skin Kidneys Ureter Bladder Excretory system Rids the body of wastes from cell activity Skin Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra

Excretory system Skin - Rids the body of waste through perspiration Kidneys – Filter the blood for wastes from cells and excess water and minerals Ureter – Tube that connects the kidney to the bladder Bladder – stores the urine made by the kidneys Urethra – tube that carries urine out of the body

Chicken urinary tract No bladder 2 kidneys with ureters to carry the urinary waste to the cloaca. The uric acid is discharged into the cloaca and excreted with the feces. The white pasty material in chicken droppings is considered to be urinary system excretion.

Ruminant and non-ruminant Digestive systems

Digestive Systems Process of breaking down food into molecules that the body can absorb 2 types – Ruminant and Non- Ruminant

Ruminant Animals Cattle, sheep, and goats Chew their cud Cud - a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach in the mouth to be chewed for the second time

Non – ruminant Animals Horses, hogs, and chickens Do not chew cud

Digestive Systems Mouth – Food enters the body by ingestion Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach Food and water moves by swallowing Stomach – one compartment in non-ruminants and 4 compartments in ruminants Small Intestine – absorbs nutrients and water

Digestive systems Large Intestine – absorbs water and makes waste more solid Anus – opening in the body through which the large intestine expels solid waste

Ruminants Rumen – first and largest compartment – stores a large amount of feed Aids the to help bring feed back to mouth for rechewing Reticulum – stores food and sorts out foreign materials Helps prevent hardware disease Contains bacteria to help break down feed

RuminANTS Omasum – has strong alls that help break food apart Abomasum – like a non ruminant stomach Contains gastric juices that mix with feed and further break it down.

rUMINANTS Can use large amounts of roughages such at grass, clover and other vegetation Usually do not need large amounts of expensive grain and other concentrated feeds.

Chicken Digestive System Mechanically Chemically

Chicken digestive tract Beak Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Small Intestine Pancreas Liver Caeca

Chicken Digestions Beak – food swallowed with out chewing Salvia contains a starch reducing enzyme that begins to break down food. The oesophagus is a flexible tube that food passes down into the crop.

Chicken Digestion Crop – a pouch at the base of the neck that stores food. The esophagus continues past the crop to the proventriculus. In the proventriculus the food is mixed with acids and more digestive enzymes.

Chicken Digestion Gizzard – strong muscular tube that has grit to help it grind the food down. Then the food moves into the small intestine. Here enzymes from the pancreas break down the protein. Also, bile from the liver breaks down the fat. Caeca – a pair of tubes that allow fermentation of the undigested food.

Caeca – a pair of tubes that allow fermentation of the undigested food. The Large Intestine absorbs water and the last remaining nutrients. Cloaca or vent is where feces, urine and eggs pass.