Scientific Revolution CHAPTER 16-AGE OF EXPLORATION

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION From Magic to Science Natural Philosophers: religious teachings + classical thought to explain the unexplainable Roger Bacon: 1200s scientist & philosopher Favored a system of experimentation as a means of finding truth (not faith) Practiced alchemy – Dr. Mirabilis (wonderful teacher) Scientific Revolution: experiments & mathematics used to explain nature Formed basis for what we know as science Answered questions in physics, astronomy & anatomy

NEW STUDY OF NATURE Scientists of 1500s question ancients Form conclusions based on their own observations 3 new tools to study Scientific instruments: barometer, microscope, telescope, air pump & thermometer Mathematics Experimentation – repeated for consistency Scientific Method

ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS, ANATOMY Astronomy Study of stars, planets, and other bodies in the sky. Physics: Focused on changes and properties of matter and energy. Anatonomy: Studied structure of the human body. Examining dead bodies

THEORIES Ptolemy theory was known as the “geocentric theory” “Earth centered”, Sun and planets moved around Earth. Nicolaus Copernicus was known as the “heliocentric theory” “sun centered”, sun was the center of the universe. Many ignored this theory at first. Did not have instruments or Math to prove his theory.

Johanne Kepler Mathematician that tests Copernicus’ theory by using Models, observations, and mathematics. Published laws of planetary motion in Galileo Galilei Built the telescope: made far away objects smaller. Draws sketches of things he witnesses through telescope Rings around Saturn, spots on the sun, moons circling Jupiter. Publishes work and scholars and church disapprove Ptolemy’s theory is right Contradicts the bible Proved Aristotle’s theory wrong that “heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. He wrote “if there is no friction from air, all objects fall at same rate.”

ISAAC NEWTON Universal Gravitation All bodies attract each other Falling objects were really examples of law of universal grav. Physics (laws of motion and gravity) Math (invented Calculus Astronomy: world moved not because of God, but because of laws of motion in the universe.

NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION An object in motion tends to stay in motion, while an object at rest tends to stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force When a force is applied to an object, it accelerates according to the equation a = F/m (a=acceleration,F=force,m=mass) to every action there exists an equal and opposite reaction

Andreas Vesalius (Flemish Scientist) Pioneered the study of anatomy 1543 published On the Fabric of the Human Body 7 Volume’s – amazing detail, visual understanding of how body works William Harvey (English physician) Studied circulation of blood Described how blood moves through body. Functions of the heart.

Rene Descartes Published “Discourse on Method (1637) Assumptions had to be proven on basis of known facts. “I think, therefore I am.” Geometry and algebra, scientific method, astronomy, and the physical sciences. Light reflects from a smooth surface. Francis Bacon Theories could be developed through observation No assumption could be trusted unless it could be proven by repeatable experiments. Published “Novum Organum”: demonstrate physically, not through just thinking and reasoning.

OTHERS Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Used microscope to discover bacteria “animalcules” Wrote about tiny life forms that were never seen by human eye. Robert Boyle Developed chemistry: composition of matter and how it changes. Temperature and pressure affect the space that a gas occupies. Joseph Priestly Discovered oxygen Antoine Lavoisier names it oxygen Showed fire resulted when substance combined withy oxygen. Law of conservation of matter.