BEEF CATTLE MANAGEMENT Prof. Romziah Sidik, Ph.D. Drh. Dr. Daddy Soegianto nazar. MSc.Drh. Dr. Parijata Westra, MSc.Drh.

BEEF CATTLE  Beef Cattle is a cattle breed which mainly produce meat,  some by products: bone, skin, blood, fat/fatty acids.  Waste product: manure, horn  Food Products: meat, meat ball, humberger, sosis, fried meat, slices meat, nugget.  Industrial products: glue/gum, gellatin, meat & bone meal, leather, soap, candles, etc.

CARCASS OF CATTLE

VOCABULARY  BREED: A group of animals trough selection & breeding have come to resemble one another and pass those traits uniformly to their offspring.  Selection can occur either neutrally or by man.

VOCABULARY  BULL: Male, un-neutered  Calf: (Calves): baby  Calve: To have a baby  Color: Some what depend on breed. Any combination: white, black, gray, rad, brown, tan to dark brown.  Cow: Female that has given birth to calf

VOCABULARY  Cud: The portion of food that returns from the first compartment of the stomach to be chewed more thoroughtly  Gestation period: Length of pregnancy, approximately 9 months +  Gestation period: Length of pregnancy, approximately 9 months + 1 week   Forbs: Any non-woody broad leafed plant

VOCABULARY  HEIFER: Female before having a calf  LEPPY /DOGGIE: alf that has lost his mother  OX or OXEN: 1-2 neutered male used for draft (pulling) and meat (pl.2 oxes, 3 oxen)  STEER: Male, neutered.

LIVE CYCLE  Cows usually calve first at 2 years of age, then once a year.  Twin are rare.  Birth weight averaged between 60 – 90 pouns/ kg.  Average market weight and age are 250 kg – 700kg or up to 1 ton.  Species: Bos Taurus & Bos Indicus (Combination of the two), over 250 cattle breed in the world.

CHARACTERISTIC  Bos Taurus do not perspire & more suited to colder climate.  Bos Indicus: cattle perspire, thrive in the tropical heat, more insecta resistant, such to have long drooping ears with lots of folds of skin in order to keep cool.  Some breeds cattle do not havehorns, such as Angus they called Polled.

CARE GIVING COW TO CALF  1 st few day after a calf is born, the cow will hide her baby while she goes for water.  After few days, one cow may baby-sit five or six calves while the others graze and water.  Calves already to be on their own at about 7 months.

WHAT CATTLE EAT?  Cattle are ruminants, a type of animal with four compartment stomachs. They enable eat large amount of grasses. Later, the nutrient bolus will bring back up as a cud to chew and digest while resting.  They have bottom teeth in front, they have no front teeth on top.  They used their tongue to gather the grass & other feed. Ruminant can eat and digest food that humans can not.  Type of feed: range foranges: grasses, forbs, shcrubs, crop residue, agriculture industrialby products or waste products (rice hull, rice straw, corn cobs, corn stubble, corn gluten, beet pulp, fruit processing residue, brewers yeast, cotton seeds, peanut hull, etc.) VOCABULARY

ENVIRONMENT  By proper managed, the grazing cattle cause little damage to the environment & may improve the habitat of wild life.

BEF CATTLE BREED Limousin Polled Hereford

LIMOSIN  Golden red cattle are native to the south central part of France, then imported to US  Health & adaptability  Excellent on feed efficiency  Muscling, some times got calving problems  Daily live weight gain: 1 – 1.2 kg/hd/d

POLLED HEREFORD  US cattle  Modern Hereford minus horns  Polled Hereford were developed from the horned Hereford  White face cattle  LWG kg/hd/d

Angus American White Park Brahman Brangus

ANGUS  Scotland nature cattle, then imported to US.  Black color cattle  Good source cattle  Good marbling, high quality beef  LWG: 1 – 1.2 kg/hd/d

BRAHMAN  Originated from Bos Indicus, native India cattle  Exposure to inadequate food supplies, insect pest, parasites, diseases, weather extreames of tropical India, native cattle developed some remarkable adaptation for survival.  Characteristic: they have large hump over the top of the shoulder and neck, their horns which usually curve upward & some times tilted to the rear to the ears., have large excess of skin.  They have developed sweat gland compare to Europe cattle Bos Taurus), they can perspire more freely, they produce an oily secretion from sebaceous glds, which distinctive odor (repelling insect).  LWG: kg/hd/d.

BRANGUS  The breed is developed to utilize the superior traits of Angus & Brahman cattle.  Genetics are stabilized at 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus  Brahman: developed disease resistance, overall hardiness and outstanding maternal instincts.  Angus: superior carcass qualities, extreamely functional females which excel in both fertility & milking ability.  Resistant to heat and hight humidity.  Under cool/cold climate, they produce long hair for adequate protection.  The cow is good mothers and calves are usually of medium size at birth.

American White Park  Native cattle in British White bulls, then imported & developed in US.  Small medium white breed with black or red points (ears, nose, eyes).  Cow: 500 kg, bull: kg/hd/d  Predominately polled with 3-5 % horned.

Charolais Hereford Gelbvieh (Gelp-fee) Chianina

Charolais  Originated to west central to Southern France  White color or creamy white color  Pooled breed  BW: kg.  LWG: 1-1.4kg/hd/d  Heavy muscling, but occasionally calving problem

Red Angus Salers (Sa'lair)

Shorthorn

Simmental

MADURA CATTLE

RAISING MADURA CATTLE

MADURA CATTLE

BALI CATTLE

BALI CATTLE BALI CATTLE

CARE GIVING BEHAVIOUR

ONGGOLE BEEF CATTLE

Cattle cage

Pen system

Cow, Calf and Steer Pens No welding required to set up the pen. 2 models of of pens: leg-supported panels or concrete embedded bars. 7" (17.5 cm) spacing between bars. 1 5/8" (4 cm) diameter galvanized horizontal pipes. 1 1/16" (2.7 cm) diameter vertical bars.

CATTLE CAGE

COW CAGE

CALF PEN

MOBILE GATE

Design of feed lot Back to Back

GRAZING SYSTEM

PADDOCK SYSTEM

GRAZING SYSTEM

FEEDLOT BEEF CATTLE

BEEF CATTLE FEDLOT

GRAZING BEEF CATTLE

MOBILE STALL

CATTLE HANDLING

MOBILE GATE

BREED EFFECTS  Larger continental breeds gain faster than British breeds but must be carried to heavier weights to grade choice  There is little difference in feed efficiency when fed to the same endpoint  Holsteins require about 10% more feed per lb of gain than beef breeds but ADG is similar to beef breeds

AGE OF FEEDLOT CATTLE  Yearlings require 10 to 20 % faster than calves depending on weight and condition  Yearlings consume 10 to 40% more feed than calves  Yearlings are less efficient in converting feed to gain than calves  Yearlings require fewer days in the feedlot to reach final weight and grade

BEEF INDUSTRY TIMELINE  Conception to Calving  Calving to Weaning  Stocker/Backgrounder  Feedlot  Packer  Retailer  Consumer  Total  9 months  6 to 8 months  Variable (2 to 8 mo.)  Variable (3 to 7 mo.)  3 to 7 days  Variable  About 30 to 32 mo.

BEEF BREEDING SYSTEMS  Straight breeding  Crossbreeding Breed complementarity Breed complementarity Heterosis or hybrid vigor Heterosis or hybrid vigor Individual heterosisIndividual heterosis Maternal heterosisMaternal heterosis  Two Breed Cross  Terminal Sire  Two Breed Rotation  Three Breed Rotation  Rotation + Terminal Sire  Composite

BREEDING SEASON  At weaning (7 mo.) heifers should weigh 45% of mature weight  At breeding (15 mo.) heifers should weigh 65% of mature weight  At calving (24 mo.) heifers should weigh 85% of mature weight  Measure pelvic areas prior to breeding  Use light birth weight and low birth weight EPD bulls for mating to heifers

HERD HEALTH PROGRAM I  Calving Season Colostrum within first hours after birth Colostrum within first hours after birth Iodine Navel Iodine Navel Selenium - Vitamin E Selenium - Vitamin E Scour Vaccine ( E. coli &/or Viruses) Scour Vaccine ( E. coli &/or Viruses)  Castrate & Dehorn  Implant non replacement calves  Vaccinate Cows (IBR,BVD,PI3 + Lepto)

HERD HEALTH PROGRAM II  Preweaning Vaccinate calves for IBR, BVD, PI3, Blackleg & Hemophilis somnus Vaccinate calves for IBR, BVD, PI3, Blackleg & Hemophilis somnus Castrate & Dehorn if not done earlier Castrate & Dehorn if not done earlier Get calves used to eating grain and drinking water from troughs Get calves used to eating grain and drinking water from troughs  Weaning Time Pregnancy Check Females Exposed to Breeding Pregnancy Check Females Exposed to Breeding

HERD HEALTH PROGRAM III Booster vaccinations Booster vaccinations Grub & Lice control Grub & Lice control  Late Gestation Check mineral for P and Se Check mineral for P and Se Treat for Lice if problem Treat for Lice if problem Consider scour vaccine for cows Consider scour vaccine for cows

FEEDLOT NUTRITION  Grains - Corn, Barley and Milo  Roughages - Corn Silage, Alfalfa Hay or Haylage  Protein Supplements Soybean or Cottonseed Meals Soybean or Cottonseed Meals Brewers Grains Brewers Grains Urea or Anhydrous Ammonia Urea or Anhydrous Ammonia

STARTING CATTLE ON FEED  First day begin with top quality grass hay  Second day top dress hay with grain or silage  Transition to high energy ration should be over 2 to 3 weeks to avoid digestive upsets  Don’t use all NPN supplements until calves weigh at least 600 lbs  Keep feed fresh at all times

COW CALF NUTRITION  Pasture 5/15 to 10/ days 1 to 5 acres per cow calf pair 1 to 5 acres per cow calf pair  Harvested Forage 11/1 to 5/ days Corn stalk residue - 30 to 60 days Corn stalk residue - 30 to 60 days Grass - legume hay or silage to 200 days Grass - legume hay or silage to 200 days Free Choice Minerals Free Choice Minerals Salt, Ca, P, Mg + Trace MineralsSalt, Ca, P, Mg + Trace Minerals Clean, fresh water Clean, fresh water

FEED COSTS I  Cow Calf Annual Cost is about $ 400 / cow calf unit Annual Cost is about $ 400 / cow calf unit 50% of total cost is feed cost 50% of total cost is feed cost $ 400 x.5 = $ 200 annual feed cost $ 400 x.5 = $ 200 annual feed cost  Post Weaning 500 lb. calf lb. gain = 1100 lb. market steer 500 lb. calf lb. gain = 1100 lb. market steer $ 70/cwt gain x 6 cwt. = $ 420 $ 70/cwt gain x 6 cwt. = $ 420

FEED COST II  65 to 70% of total cost of gain is feed cost 55% is the energy component ( corn ) 55% is the energy component ( corn ) 12% is the supplement cost (protein, minerals & vitamins) 12% is the supplement cost (protein, minerals & vitamins) $ 70 /cwt x 67% = $ 47/cwt gain is feed cost $ 70 /cwt x 67% = $ 47/cwt gain is feed cost $ 47/cwt gain x 6 cwt = $ 282 total feed cost $ 47/cwt gain x 6 cwt = $ 282 total feed cost

COMMON NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN BEEF COWS  Thin Cows Body Condition Scores ( 1 to 9 ) 5 to 6 is ideal Body Condition Scores ( 1 to 9 ) 5 to 6 is ideal Calving Difficulty and Delayed Rebreeding Calving Difficulty and Delayed Rebreeding Dry versus Lactating Dry versus Lactating  Fat Cows Calving Difficulty and Reduced Milk Flow Calving Difficulty and Reduced Milk Flow  Legume Bloat  Grass Tetany

NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS  Acidosis on high energy rations Ionophores (Rumensin or Bovatec) help Ionophores (Rumensin or Bovatec) help  Founder (laminitis) on high energy rations  Bloat  Urinary Calculi Need Ca to P ratio > 1:1 Need Ca to P ratio > 1:1 Often seen on high energy diets Often seen on high energy diets

SEPARATE HERD INTO NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT GROUPS  Bred Heifers & Thin Cows  Dry Mature Cows  Lactating Cows  Weaned Heifer Calves  Mature Herd Sires  Young Bulls

EFFECT OF FEEDER BODY CONDITION  When placed on comparable diets, thin cattle gain faster and more efficiently than fatter cattle  This phenomenon is called “compensatory gain”  Cattle feeders try to avoid buying fat feeder cattle unless they are priced somewhat lower per cwt than thin feeder cattle

STOCKER/BACKGROUNDER  Buy yearlings in late winter and graze in summer  Purchase weaned calves in fall, sell in spring Goal is 1.5 to 1.75 lb ADG Goal is 1.5 to 1.75 lb ADG Moderate energy, high roughage rations Moderate energy, high roughage rations Growth and normal development not fattening Growth and normal development not fattening Grazing winter wheat in southern plains from November to MarchGrazing winter wheat in southern plains from November to March Wintering on hay &/or silage in MichiganWintering on hay &/or silage in Michigan Goal is 180 to 300 lb gain in 120 to 150 days Goal is 180 to 300 lb gain in 120 to 150 days

HOW TO IMPROVE PROFIT  Improve Reproductive Rate  Wean Heavier Calves  Wean Higher Value Calves  Develop Alliances & Retain Ownership  Reduce Cow Herd Costs

FEEDLOT STEERS & BULLS  Bulls gain more rapidly and more efficiently than steers  Bulls produce leaner carcasses that are more variable in tenderness  Bulls are more difficult to manage than steers or heifers  There is only a limited market for bull beef

FEEDLOT STEERS &HEIFERS  Steers gain 8 to 15% faster than heifers of same size  Steers consume 5 to 10% more feed than heifers  Heifers require 2 to 10 % more lbs of feed per lb of gain than heifers Some feeders tend to over fatten the heifers Some feeders tend to over fatten the heifers  To be equal in profit, heifers must be purchased about 10 to 15% less than steers

FEEDLOT PROFIT OR LOSS  Profitability is influenced by changes in the grain and cattle markets  Risk can be controlled by use of contracts and trading for future market access  Marketing skills are critical for success

IRM and SPA  Integrated Resource Management is a system approach to managing a farm or ranch  Standardized Performance Analysis is a way of analyzing records of both production and financial performance of a farm or ranch in order to make better decisions and impact profitability

BUDGETTING RECORDING PROCESSING PROCESSING MARKETING EVALUATION EVALUATION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION PLANNING PLANNING FARMING MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

FARM MANAGEMENT ASPECTS  HUMAN RESOURCE (STAFFS & WORKERS)  ADMINISTRATION  ACCOUNTING  PRODUCTION PROCESS (methods, packaging, quality control)  MARKETING

BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT  BREED  GENETIC & PHAENOTYPE  ANIMAL HEALTH & DISEASE CONTROL  NUTRITION PROGRAMS  REARING SYSTEMS  CAGE SYSTEMS  SANITATION & HYGIENE  HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT  ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Body Composition Changes in Bulls from Weaning to Yearling G. Rouse Iowa State University American Red Angus Association National Convention 2002

Image Collection

GROWTH OF BEEF CATTLE

Basic Principles of Growth Wt. Birth Weaning Age Yearling Maturity Muscle Fat

Tissue Deposition  3 Independent Traits related to Weight and Age  Muscle  Waste Fat Subcutaneous Subcutaneous Seam fat and internal Seam fat and internal  Taste Fat

Threshold Theory Partition of Nutrients for Growth Brain and central nervous system Bone Muscle Fat Placenta Fetus G. Rouse Iowa State University American Red Angus Association National Convention 2002

Age-weight relationship r = 0.92

Average Daily Gain G. Rouse Iowa State University American Red Angus Association National Convention 2002

Mean 12th - 13th Rib Fat Thickness

Fat Thickness Rate of Change per Pound of Gain

Age Wt Ftk Fat thickness three dimensional surface plot as a function of age and weight. G. Rouse Iowa State University American Red Angus Association National Convention 2002

Mean Percent Intramuscular Fat

G. Rouse Iowa State University American Red Angus Association National Convention 2002

G. Rouse Iowa State University American Red Angus Association National Convention 2002