HYGIENE RULES! ok

Kitchen Hygiene Wash your hands before handling any food Clean work surfaces Keep work area clean and tidy Keep raw and cooked foods apart –Cross – contamination Wash up correctly –Hot water, changed frequently –Washing up liquid –Clean tea towel

Personal Hygiene Tie hair back Remove jewellery Roll up sleeves Wear an apron WASH HANDS THOROUGHLY

What is Food Poisoning? Food poisoning is an illness you get by eating contaminated food. Food is contaminated if there is something in it which shouldn’t be there

Symptoms of Food Poisoning Abdominal Pain – stomach-ache Diarrhoea – ‘the runs’ Vomiting – being sick Nausea – the feeling of sickness Fever – a raised temperature Symptoms vary depending on the type of food poisoning and can last for days

Causes of Food Poisoning Bacteria and other microbes (viruses, moulds) Chemicals and metals Poisonous plants (e.g. toadstools, berries)

High Risk Foods Bacteria really like foods which are moist & high in protein These include: –Meat- Fish –Poultry- Dairy products –Eggs- Gravies –Stocks- Sauces –Shellfish- Seafood –Cooked rice

Why Bacteria Make You Ill Some bacteria have to be INSIDE your body to make you ill Once inside you, the bacteria attack your body causing illness Some produce a TOXIN (poison) on the food which makes you ill when you eat it

How Bacteria Multiply Reproduce rapidly by dividing in two –BINARY FISSION Each bacterium only needs 10 – 20 minutes to multiply 1 bacterium = millions in a few hours Ideal conditions for growth: –Food- Moisture –Warmth- Time

Critical Temperatures High Risk and perishable foods should be kept out of the danger zone temperatures of 5°C to 63°C.

Campylobacter Found in raw poultry and meat Illness caused by small numbers of bacteria Symptoms: –Fever –Headache –Abdominal pain –Diarrhoea –Can last for 10 days

SALMONELLA Found in raw meat, unwashed vegetables, poultry and eggs 2 nd most common cause of food poisoning Survives refrigeration Illness caused by large numbers of bacteria Symptoms: –Fever –Diarrhoea –Vomiting –Abdominal pain –Can be fatal! –Can take up to 48 hrs for symptoms to show –Can last for 3 wks

E COLI Found in the gut of animals and humans E Coli 0157 is found in raw & undercooked meats, raw vegetables Illness caused by small numbers of bacteria Can survive refrigeration and freezing Symptoms: –Diarrhoea –Can be fatal –Can take up to 5 days for symptoms to show

Clostridium Perfringens From animal poo! Found in soil, manure, sewage, raw meat & poultry Produces spores which may not be killed by cooking Symptoms: –Abdominal pain –Diarrhoea –Nausea –Can be fatal –Onset normally after 8 – 18 hrs

LISTERIA Found in soil, vegetation, meat, poultry, soft cheese, salad vegetables Can grow at low temperatures Symptoms: –Range from flu-like symptoms to meningitis –Pregnant women, the very old and the very young are most at risk –Can take up to weeks to develop

BACILLUS CEREUS Found in soil and dust Frequently in rice dishes & sometime in pasta, meat or vegetable dishes Illness can be caused by a small number of bacteria Forms spores that are resistant to heat Symptoms: –2 types of illness: –- diarrhoea and abdominal pain after 8 – 18 hrs –- vomiting after 1 – 5 hrs –Usually lasts less than 24 hrs

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Found on the skin, in cuts and boils and up the nose! Transferred to food from hands, nose or mouth Large numbers needed to cause illness Survives refrigeration Produces a toxin which may survive cooking Symptoms: –Severe vomiting –Abdominal pains –Diarrhoea –Onset within 6 hrs –Lasts about 2 days

MOULDS Tiny fungi which grow from spores found in the air Settle on food products and multiply When visible, food is described as ‘mouldy’ Causes food spoilage

CHEMICAL & METAL Some chemicals and metals are poisonous to us Metals like lead and mercury stay in our body for a long time and make us ill Foods may taste or smell funny

Summary Food poisoning (FP) is caused by eating food which is contaminated Most contamination is caused by bacteria, but also by viruses, chemicals or plants FP bacteria make us ill The symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea & fever FP can last for days and can be fatal FP bacteria become dangerous if allowed to multiply FP bacteria can only be detected in a laboratory Bacteria need warmth, food, moisture and time to multiply. It takes only 9 hrs for 1 bacterium to become 9 million! 3 main FP bacteria are Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus High risk foods include cooked meat, cooked poultry, dishes containing eggs, soups, sauces, shellfish and cooked rice Even a small number of bacteria can make you ill Food spoilage bacteria cause food to rot