© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chapter 7: Organizing Ideas Reading Across the Disciplines: College Reading and Beyond, 3/e Kathleen McWhorter

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers In this chapter you will learn how to: Organize ideas by:  Highlighting  Annotating  Paraphrasing  Outlining  Mapping  Summarizing

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Highlighting  Analyze the assignment.  Assess your familiarity with the subject.  Read first, then highlight.  Use the boldface headings.  Highlight main ideas and only key supporting details. (continued)

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Highlighting  Avoid highlighting complete sentences.  Move quickly through the document as you highlight.  Develop a consistent system of highlighting.  Highlight no more than 15-25% of any given page.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Annotating  Circling unknown words  Marking definitions  Marking examples  Numbering lists of ideas, causes, reasons, or events  Placing asterisks next to important passages (Continued)

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Annotating  Putting question marks next to confusing passages  Making notes to yourself  Marking possible test items  Drawing arrows to show relationships  Writing comments, noting disagreements and similarities  Marking summary statements

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Paraphrasing A paraphrase is a restatement of a passage’s ideas in your own words.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Paraphrasing Effectively  Read slowly and carefully.  Read the material entirely before writing.  Pay attention to exact meanings and relationships among ideas.  Paraphrase sentence by sentence. (continued)

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  Read each sentence and express the key idea in your own words.  Don’t try to paraphrase word by word. Instead, work with ideas.  For words or phrases you are unsure of, check a dictionary.  You may combine several sentences into a more concise paraphrase. Paraphrasing Effectively

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Outlining  Read an entire section and then jot down notes.  As you read, be alert for organizational patterns.  Record the most important ideas in the briefest possible form.  Think of your outline as a list of the main ideas and supporting details of a selection.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  Write in your own words; do not copy sentences or parts of sentences from the selection.  Use a system of indentation to separate main ideas and details. Outlining

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Use Indentations to Separate Main Ideas and Details TOPIC Main Idea Supporting Detail fact Supporting Detail Main Idea Supporting Detail fact

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Mapping to Show Relationships  Mapping – drawing of a diagram to describe how a topic and its related ideas are connected.  Visual means of learning by writing; organizes and consolidates information.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Mapping to Show Relationships (Concept Mapping)  Identify the topic and write it in the center of the page.  Identify ideas, aspects, parts, and definitions that are related to the topic. Draw each detail on a line radiating from the topic.  As you discover further details, draw new lines branching from the idea that the details explain.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Mapping to Show Relationships (Concept Mapping) TOPIC Detail Diagram presents ideas spatially rather than in list form.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Mapping to Show Relationships (Process Diagrams) Diagram visually describes steps, variables, or parts of a process. The Search Process PeriodicalsBooksEncyclopedia Overview of Topic Detailed Information Basic Information

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Mapping to Show Relationships (Time Lines) Shows sequence or order of events as a central focus. 1932—F.D.R. elected President 1933—Emergency Banking Relief Act 1934—Securities and Exchange Commission authorized 1936—F.D.R. reelected

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Mapping to Show Relationships (Part & Function Diagrams) Diagrams that are labeled drawing.  Use and description or classification of physical objects.  Example: learn the parts and functions of the brain by drawing it.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Summarizing to Condense Ideas  As a first step, highlight or write brief notes on the material.  Write one sentence that states the writer’s overall concern or most important idea.  Be sure to paraphrase, using your own words rather than those of the author.  Review the major supporting information that the author gives to explain the major idea.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  The amount of detail you include depends on your purpose for writing the summary.  Present ideas in the summary in the same order in which they appeared in the original material.  If the writer presents a clear opinion or expresses an attitude toward the subject matter, include it in your summary.  If the summary is for your own use only, do not worry about sentence structure. Summarizing to Condense Ideas

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