Human Resource Management Chapter Fourteen Motivating and Satisfying Employees and Teams

What Is Motivation? The individual internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior; the personal “force” that causes us to behave in a particular way Morale An employee’s feelings about his or her job and superiors and about the firm itself High morale results from the satisfaction of needs or as a result of the job and leads to dedication and loyalty Low morale leads to shoddy work, absenteeism, and high turnover rates

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs A sequence of human needs (personal requirements) in the order of their importance Physiological needs—survival Safety needs—physical and emotional safety Social needs—love and affection and a sense of belonging Esteem needs—respect, recognition, and a sense of our own accomplishment and worth Self-actualization needs—to grow and develop and become all that we are capable of being

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate and distinct dimensions Motivation factors Job factors that increase motivation but whose absence does not necessarily result in dissatisfaction Hygiene factors Job factors that reduce dissatisfaction when present to an acceptable degree but that do not necessarily result in higher levels of motivation.

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Douglas McGregor Sets of assumptions about managerial attitudes and beliefs about worker behavior Theory X Generally consistent with Taylor’s scientific management Employees dislike work and will function only in a controlled work environment Theory Y Generally consistent with the human relations movement Employees accept responsibility and work toward organizational goals if they will also achieve personal rewards

Theory X and Theory Y

Theory Z Some middle ground between Ouchi’s Type A (American) and Type J (Japanese) practices is best for American business Emphasis is on participative decision making with a view of the organization as a family

The Features of Theory Z

Reinforcement Theory Behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that is punished is less likely to recur Reinforcement: an action that follows directly from a particular behavior Types of reinforcement Positive reinforcement: strengthens desired behavior by providing a reward Negative reinforcement: strengthens desired behavior by eliminating an undesirable task or situation Punishment: an undesirable consequence of undesirable behavior Extinction: no response undesirable behavior in order to discourage its occurrence

Equity Theory People are motivated to obtain and preserve equitable treatment for themselves Equity: the distribution of rewards in direct proportion to the contribution of each employee to the organization Workers compare their own input-to-outcome (reward) ratios to their perception of others’ Workers who perceive an inequity may Decrease their inputs Try to increase outcome (ask for a raise) Try to get the comparison other to increase inputs or receive decreased outcomes Leave the work situation (quit) Switch to a different comparison other

Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom) Motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we think we are to get it Implications are that managers must recognize that Employees work for a variety of reasons The reasons, or expected outcomes, may change over time It is necessary to show employees how they can attain the outcomes they desire

Expectancy Theory

Goal-Setting Theory Employees are motivated to achieve goals they and their managers establish together Goals should be very specific, moderately difficult, and ones that the employee will be committed to achieve Rewards should be tied directly to goal achievement

Management by Objectives Advantages Motivates employees by involving them actively Improves communication Makes employees feel like an important part of the organization Periodic review enhances control Disadvantages Doesn’t work if the process doesn’t begin at the top of the organization Can result in excessive paperwork Some managers assign goals instead of collaborating on creating them Goals should be quantifiable

Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Job enrichment Provides employees with more variety and responsibility in their jobs Job enlargement The expansion of a worker’s assignments to include additional but similar tasks Job redesign A type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match

Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Behavior modification A systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior Steps in behavior modification Identify the target behavior to be changed Measure existing levels of the behavior Reward employees who exhibit the desired behavior Measure the target behavior to check for desired change If no change, consider changing reward system If change has occurred, maintain reinforcement

Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Flextime A system in which employees set their own work hours within employer-determined limits Typically, there are two bands of time Core time, when all employees are expected to be at work Flexible time, when employees may choose whether to be at work Benefits Employees’ sense of independence and autonomy is motivating Employees with enough time to deal with nonwork issues are more productive and satisfied Drawbacks Supervisors’ jobs are complicated by having employees who come and go at different times Employees without flextime may resent coworkers who have it

Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Part-time work A permanent employment situation in which individuals work less than a standard workweek Disadvantage: often does not provide the benefits that come with a full-time position Job sharing An arrangement whereby two people share one full-time position Companies can save on expenses by reducing benefits and avoiding employee turnover Employees gain flexibility but may lose benefits Sharing can be difficult if work is not easily divisible or if two people cannot work well together

Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Telecommuting Working at home all the time or for a portion of the work week Advantages Increased employee productivity Lower real estate and travel costs Reduced absenteeism and turnover Increased work/life balance and improved morale Access to additional labor pools Disadvantages Feelings of isolation Putting in longer hours Distractions at home Difficulty monitoring productivity

Key Motivation Techniques (cont’d) Employee empowerment Making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their participation in decision making Management must be involved to set expectations, communicate standards, institute periodic evaluations, guarantee follow-up Benefits Increased job satisfaction Improved job performance Higher self-esteem Increased organizational commitment Obstacles Management resistance Workers’ distrust of management Insufficient training Poor communication between management and employees

Teams and Teamwork Teams Groups of employees functioning together as a unit to complete a common goal or purpose Types of teams Problem-Solving Self-Managed Cross-Functional Virtual Stages of team development Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning

Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Managed Teams

Teams and Teamwork (cont’d) Roles within a team Task-specialist role Socioemotional role Dual role Nonparticipant role Team cohesiveness For a team to be successful, members must learn how to resolve and manage conflict Team conflict and how to resolve it Middle ground resolution satisfies each party to some extent Benefits and limitations of teams

Stages of Team Development