The Beginning of History: Three Visions of Welfare – The Importance of Social Capital Professor Steven M Shardlow PhD The University of Salford United Kingdom

My Argument ‘End of History’ Triumph of Liberal Democracy? Welfare Implications? Three competing ‘visions of welfare’ evident in modern cities Welfare as Residual, Conditional Assistance Welfare as Social Care and Social Assistance (Welfare State?) Welfare as Social Capital Accumulation (Emergent) Which vision of welfare offers the best way forward? Picasso Poverty

Triumph of Liberal Democracy? ‘What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the, Cold War or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government’.

Big Welfare Questions? Core Principals Altruism and reciprocity Citizenship Equality (egalitarianism; equality of opportunity) Freedom and rights Equity and social justice Social needs (satisfaction and wants)

Over the Event Horizon Global Financial Crisis Ageing of Populations Population growth Cost Technology change Cohort effect Expectations

The ‘Beginning’ of Welfare History Residual Welfare Welfare as Care Welfare as Social Capital Accumulation

Residual Welfare

1 Welfare as Residual, Conditional Assistance 1.Means tested (poorest only qualify) 2.Highly stigmatised 3.Benefit given in kind (e.g. food stamps) 4.Time limited support 5.Personalised insurance systems 6.Not comprehensive (US medical system) 7.Provision through market Dorothea Lange Migrant Mother (California)

Action on Poverty Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) USA Ended the legislation ended guaranteed assistance to families in poverty Majority of families had two years of assistance enable them to gain employment 30% Reduction on Black Female Welfare Recipients; similar rise in those employed Mary Bradford

Families on Welfare StateAug familiesDec familiesPct. change U.S. total4,408,5081,870, % Source: Department of Health and Human Services (US)

Welfare as Care

2 Welfare as Social Care and Social Assistance (Welfare State?) L S Lowry The Cripples Health care free at the point of delivery Income support for unemployed Care for those unable to look after themselves New public housing built to high standards Free education to age 15

Norway Policy…is based on the political and moral belief that every citizen has the right to enjoy equality of opportunity. The goals of Norwegian social policy are to achieve equality in as many aspects of life as possible, to redistribute the wealth so that no one suffers from lack of material goods, and to provide security and employment for all. [my italics] (Tutvedt and Young, 1991, p 2)

Welfare as Social Capital Accumulation

Social Capital...refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's social interactions... Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society – it is the glue that holds them together (The World Bank 1999)

Social Entrepreneurship Social Entrepreneurs...people with the mission to create and sustain social value. These social change agents are not limited by resources currently at hand but pursue new opportunities to serve people, take calculated risks and engage in a process of continuous social innovation, adaptation and learning. Ultimately, social entrepreneurs have a sense of accountability to the constituencies served and for the outcomes. TAN, N.-T. (2004). Social entrepreneurship: challenge for social work in a challenging world. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development14(2),

Social Enterprise There is no commonly agreed definition of Social Enterprise in Hong Kong Yet, there are some essential characteristics: – It is serving social goals by using an enterprise strategies – It is both a “from Welfare to Work” and a “Social Investment” Approach – It is providing assistance to the marginal groups in the community, by encouraging self-reliance – Sustainability is important – Chan Kam Tong (Hong Kong PolyU) Social Enterprise Foundation

Government Welfare Business (social enterprise and philanthropy NGOs (conventional) Communities Families Individual Initiatives and Collaborative Responsibilities

My Argument ‘End of History’ Triumph of Liberal Democracy? Welfare Implications? Three competing ‘visions of welfare’ evident in modern cities Welfare as Residual, Conditional Assistance Welfare as Social Care and Social Assistance (Welfare State?) Welfare as Social Capital Accumulation (Emergent) Which vision of welfare offers the best way forward? Picasso Poverty

The Beginning of History: Three Visions of Welfare – The Importance of Social Capital Professor Steven M Shardlow PhD The University of Salford United Kingdom