Generalized plant cell with cell wall, large vacuole and chloroplasts Cell wall – made of cellulose For support and protection

Generalized animal cell Showing the “organelles” ( mini – organ,with a specific job), suspended in the jelly-like cytoplasm Outer cell or plasma membrane for protection Also, regulates what is going in and out of the cell

NUCLEUS– circular, located in the center of the cell, contains the DNA which is attached to proteins forming chromatin Information stored in the DNA directs the activities of the cell Nuclear membrane, with pores, surrounds nucleus Nucleolus – ball like mass of fibers and granules that make RIBOSOMES

RIBOSOMES – scattered throughout the cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum Proteins assembled here – “Protein Assembly Lines”

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER) – extensive network of membranes throughout cytoplasm, arranged in tubes and sacs Manufacture of molecules and transport throughout the cell RER – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – bound ribosomes on the outside,produce proteins that go straight into the ER SER – Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum – lacks ribosomes,builds lipid molecules

GOLGI APPARATUS - Scattered throughout cytoplasm,arranged in series of flattened sacs Processing and shipping center – one side receives the vesicles coming from the ER, refines and modifies the structure and the other side moves it to other locations

VACUOLES – scattered throughout the cytoplasm membrane bound Store undigested materials Contractile vacuoles – pumps out excess water Plants – large, central vacuole - stores chemicals that contribute to plant growth

LYSOSOMES – scattered throughout the cytoplasm, membrane bound Contain digestive enzymes that can break down macromolecules Nourishes the cell Destroy harmful bacteria Recycling centers for damaged organelles

CHLOROPLASTS - scattered throughout the plant cell,enclosed in envelope made up of two membranes ; internal membranes divide the chloroplasts into compartments which contain “membrane bound disks which trap light energy” Conversion of light energy into chemical energy

MITOCHONDRIA – scattered throughout the cytoplasm Site of cellular respiration which is a process which releases energy from sugars and then uses it in the formation of ATP - (Adenosine triphosphate) – which is a kind of energy currency Structure – envelope of 2 membranes, inner membrane has numerous foldings called “cristae”

CYTOSKELETON – network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm Microfilaments – thinner solid rods of protein,enable cell to move or change shape Microtubules straight hollow tubes that give rigidity and shape Provide tracks along which other organelles can move

FLAGELLA – long, thin, whip –like structures with a core of microtubules Move with an “S-shaped” movement CILIA – shorter and more numerous, bundles of microtubules With a “back and forth” movement