Exercise set 2: The 3 point problem

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Unconformities and Faults
Advertisements

Contour Lines.
Index Student Activity 1: Me and my shadow
a ridge a valley going uphill
Cross Section Construction
GY403 Structural Geology Lab
How High or How Low…Can you go?
A Different Kind of Topography:
Topographic Maps.
Topographic Maps A Topographic map, or contour map is used to show the shape of the Earth’s surface. Elevation is the height above or below sea level.
Topographic Maps.
CONTOUR LINES.
Contour lines are lines drawn on a map connecting points of equal elevation, meaning if you physically followed a contour line, elevation would remain.
Topographical Maps.
Aim: How to Read a Topographic Map
Cross sections of folded and dipping beds
MTH 112 Elementary Functions Chapter 5 The Trigonometric Functions Section 2 – Applications of Right Triangles.
Laws of Sines and Cosines
Trigonometric Functions: The Unit Circle Section 4.2.
Field trip this Saturday! We will leave from the loading dock at 7:30 AM sharp! HYDRATE... or else! BRING >1 GALLON OF WATER!
BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps You will be responsible to answer similar questions as you had on your map assignment. This.
Octagonal Roof.
Hexagons & Hexagonal Prisms. Hexagons Hexagons are 6 sided shapes. Hexagons can be dimensioned in 2 different ways. 1. Across the faces. 2. Across the.
Exercise set 3: Basic cross sections
GY403 Structural Geology Laboratory
How to Read a Topographic Map and Delineate a Watershed Quiz I-1
Topographic Maps Pg
Understanding maps Geographical Data Skills (Part 1)
Lab evaluations Go to Acadia Central Log in Click on Online Registration Click on Information.
Vectors & Scalars Vectors are measurements which have both magnitude (size) and a directional component. Scalars are measurements which have only magnitude.
CHAPTER 5 FORCES IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Mapping/Minerals/metamorphic Review. Scale relates to actual distance. Topographic maps and satellite imagery are two- dimensional models that provide.
Mapping Finding your way with Latitude and Longitude Coordinate Sets.
4B. Outcrop_Pattern_Cross-Section_Profiles
17/02/03Designed by Barry Forbes Graphic Communication Hexagons & Hexagonal Prisms.
Geometric Construction & Modeling Basics. Points A point represents a location in space or on a drawing. It has no width, height or depth. Sketch points.
Mapping. What is a map? It is a representation of something (Earth, stars, solar system, a building, etc… It is a representation of something (Earth,
Vectors have magnitude AND direction. – (14m/s west, 32° and falling [brrr!]) Scalars do not have direction, only magnitude. – ( 14m/s, 32° ) Vectors tip.
PHS 120 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP BASICS
Hexagons & Hexagonal Prisms.
Unit 2 Measuring the Earth Mapping. Size and Shape Almost a perfect sphere- slight flattening in the polar regions and a slight bulging at the equatorial.
Lesson 7 Development of cones with a cut surface.
Map Reading and Interpretation
Cones.  Cones are shapes that have a circular base and come to one point at the top.
Geologic Geometry. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS Many problems in mining and civil engineering are solved by graphic communication.
Cones. Cones are shapes that have a circular base and come to one point at the top.
Third angle orthographic projection
Essential Questions - Topography
Maps Topographic Maps Latitude & Longitude Latitude & Longitude.
Basics Of Topographic Maps. Topographic Maps (Contour Maps or Relief Maps) Two dimensional model of the Earth’s surface that represents 3-D world Show.
Mapping.
Geometry (4102).
E.Q: How do map makers represent elevations, relief and slope?
Design Elements and Principles. Part 1.
Topographical Maps.
GY403 Structural Geology Laboratory
Contour Lines.
Field Maps Aim: What are fields?.
Lab evaluations Go to Acadia Central
Topographic Maps TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS.
Exercise set 2: The 3 point problem
Exercise set 1: V-Outcrop Patterns
ES089 – Working in Three Dimensions
Structure Contour Maps
Brunton Compass Good to w/in ca. +/- 1 degree. Metal is bad!
Mid – Module Assessment Review
Mapping.
angle of elevation of the sun. OUTSIDE
Topographic Maps.
Perimeter, area and volume. A A A A A A Contents S8 Perimeter, area and volume S8.1 Perimeter S8.6 Area of a circle S8.2 Area S8.5 Circumference of a.
Presentation transcript:

Exercise set 2: The 3 point problem To view this exercise just press F5 now. Then click the mouse to continue through the slides. School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem This presentation is to be completed in conjunction with exercise sheet 2. Objectives: By the end of this section you should be able to find the direction of strike and calculate the dip (provided it is uniform), if the height of a bed is known at 3 or more locations. School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Here is our original map. Fill in the example on exercise sheet 2 as we run through it. We want to find the strike and dip of a thin coal seam that outcrops at the three X's. School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 1: Draw a line between the outcrop at the highest elevation and the outcrop at the lowest elevation. If you have two outcrops at the same elevation (which does not apply to this particular problem), then draw a line between them instead. That is your strike line and you can skip ahead to step 4. School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 1 continued: Measure the map distance of that blue line with your ruler (about 1600m). Set up a triangle with the map distance and elevation difference at two ends to calculate apparent dip. The apparent dip tells you that the true dip has to be at least that value, it cannot be less. tan(θ) = (opp/adj) tan(θ) = (400m/1600m) tan-1(400m/1600m) = θ = 14° = apparent dip School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 2: Now, along the blue line you drew, you want to find out where the elevation of the third point, for this case 300m, would lie (ignore the elevation contours along the blue line). Take the difference of elevation between the third point and one of the other given points. We’ll use the outcrop at 200m (300m outcrop – 200m outcrop). Now set up another triangle using the apparent dip angle. tan(14°) = (100m/adj) adj = (100m/tan(14°)) = 401m School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 3: Now, measure 401m along the blue line away from the outcrop at 200m (if you used the outcrop at 600m as one of your other given points in step 2, then adj= 1199m and you would move 1199m along the blue line from the outcrop at 600m and end up at the same place) and make a mark (the red circle). Now connect that line from the red circle to the third outcrop point – that is your strike (the green line). School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 4: The dip is perpendicular (at a right angle) to the strike line. The dip direction will be in the general direction of the lower elevation. To help understand this, just picture a cross section in your head. With a high point on the left side and a low point on the right side, the bed would have to be dipping from the left to the right. (Or be an incredibly thick bed, but we are told it is a thin coal seam). So in this case the dip is in the SE direction (the orange line). School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 5: To figure out the true dip angle, extend the 300m strike line. Connect that strike line to the 200m outcrop so that the line is perpendicular to the 300m line. Measure the distance of that purple line with your ruler (about 240m). School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 5 continued: Set up another triangle with the elevation difference being 100m (300m strike line – 200m outcrop elevation). The tan of that angle is the true dip. tan(θ) = (opp/adj) tan(θ) = (100m/240m) tan-1(100m/240m) = θ = 23° = true dip School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 5: To figure out the outcrop pattern, continue making strike lines with 100m contours. Set up another triangle with the elevation 100m and the dip angle 23o to solve for side adjacent to the angle. That is how far apart your strike lines should be spaced. Tan(23°) = (100m/adj) adj = (100m/tan(23°)) = 236m School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 5 continued: Now draw in your structure contours. School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 5 continued: After you’ve drawn in your structure contours (they should be evenly spaced), make a mark (the yellow dots) every time a structure contour crosses a topographic contour of the same value. School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Example Step 5 continued: Now roughly connect up your yellow dots and you have an estimated outcrop pattern! School of Earth and Environment

The 3 point problem: Problem Now have a go at the next problem by yourself, by filling in the problem map on exercise sheet 2. Then check your answers on the following slides. Questions Deduce the strike and dip of the coal seam which is seen to outcrop at points A, B and C. Fill in the outcrop pattern. At what depth would the coal be encountered in a borehole at D? School of Earth and Environment

Step 1 Scale= 500m/2.5cm = 20m per mm; Therefore distance from C to A = 107mm= 2140m tan(θ) = (opp/adj) tan(θ) = (400m/2140m) tan-1(400m/2140m) = θ = 10.6° Apparent dip = 10.6° School of Earth and Environment

Step 2 tan(10.6°) = (200m/adj) adj = (200m/tan(10.6°)) = 1069m School of Earth and Environment

Step 4 Step 3 School of Earth and Environment

Step 5 tan(θ) = (opp/adj) tan(θ) = (200m/1000m) tan-1(200m/1000m) = θ = 11.3° True dip= 11.3° Then: Tan(11.3°) = (200m/adj) adj = (200m/tan(11.3°)) = 1000m School of Earth and Environment

Step 5 Now draw in the structure contours. As the length of the opposite of the triangle was 200m this is the distance between the contours. Therefore halfway between each, add in the 100m contour intervals. School of Earth and Environment

Step 5 Now add in the areas the coal seam will outcrop at. School of Earth and Environment

Step 5 Now fill in the outcrop pattern (remembering your Law of “V’s”). School of Earth and Environment

Questions Deduce the dip and strike of the coal seam which is seen to outcrop at points A, B and C. The actual dip was calculated in step 5 as: 11.3o The strike is the orientation of the contour lines from North (use a compass or protractor to measure this, it is always the number less than 180. This is calculated as around: 049o Therefore the strike/dip can be written as: 049/11 SE Fill in the outcrop pattern. This was done in step 5. At what depth would the coal be encountered in a borehole at D? As location D is on/close to the 400m topographic contour and is also on the 200m structure contour, the depth that the coal seam would be encountered in a borehole is: 400m-200m= 200m depth School of Earth and Environment

Summary We have now worked through how to find the direction of strike and calculate the dip (provided it is uniform), if the height of a bed is known at 3 or more locations, using the 3-point problem. If you find this tricky to visualise, there is a 3 dimensional model that can be constructed. This can be found at the back of the worksheet for exercise 2 and on the following slide. School of Earth and Environment

3 dimensional model of: School of Earth and Environment