 Structural support: cacoons, webs, tendons, ligaments  Storage: egg whites  Enzymes: for digestion and to speed up life processes  Transport: hemoglobin, proteins in cell membranes  Fight infections: antibodies  Some hormones: insulin

 Monomers are Amino Acids! ( 4 units surround the CENTRAL CARBON)  There are 20 of these!

 Amino acids: joined by peptide bonds (dehydration synthesis again!!)  Dipeptide - two amino acids  Polypeptide - many amino acids  What is made each time A.A. are joined?____  Order of A.A. determines shape of protein  Shape determines FUNCTION!

 Denatured = misshapen  Causes: temperature, pH, salt concentration, and other environmental factors  THINK about what happens when you grill a steak!! Or chicken! Or Fry an Egg! (or boil Egg)  If denatured it cannot function!

 Primary Structure is just the specific order of amino acids in the chain.  Secondary Structures are either a helix or a pleated sheet formed form hydrogen bonds reacting between the amino acids.

 Tertiary Structure occurs because of attractions between the alpha helices and pleated sheets.  Quaternary Structure is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

 A protein is a very long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds by dehydration synthesis.  Proteins take different SHAPE due to the ORDER of amino acids. This shape is TELLS the FUNCTION of the proteins!  When a protein loses its shape, it is said to be denatured and can no longer function in the same way as before.

 Nucleotides: consist of nitrogeneous base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar.  (Deoxyribose or Ribose sugar)

 Long chains of small repeating subunits called: Nucleotides

 #1: DNA  DNA coils tightly to form chromosomes.  DNA is found in the Nucleus of cells and is a double helix.  #2: RNA  Found in the cytoplasm and is a single strand

 DNA: contains genetic/hereditary information  RNA: forms a copy of DNA for use in making proteins

 Joined by hydrogen bonds!! (NOT dehydration synthesis)

 Nucleotides make up nucleic acids  Two types are DNA and RNA  Importance: makes genetic material and creates proteins.