1. PROTEINS

3. Proteins are made out of C, H, O and N
Protein Structure
Proteins are made out of C, H, O and N
What are the monomers/building blocks for proteins?
Amino Acids! There
are 20 different types.
They are connected by Peptide Bonds to form Proteins
Proteins are also
called Polypeptides

4. Protein Structure
What functional groups do you see in every protein? Proteins ALWAYS have an Amine Group (-NH2) on one side and a Carboxyl Group (-COOH) on the other

5. Where are proteins made?
Ribosomes!
Ribosomes are also what cover the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

6. Where are proteins made?
The process of making proteins is simply called ‘Protein Synthesis’ Ribosomes use RNA as instructions to know what order to put the amino acids in to create proteins.
Amino Acids
RNA
Protein

7. Protein Overall Structure
Proteins are formed by linking a lot of Amino Acids together.
This chain/sequence of amino acids is called the
Primary (1ᵒ) Structure

8. Protein Overall Structure
The chain of amino acids will then fold and form either a spiral or pleated shape
This alpha helix or beta pleated sheet is called the
Secondary (2ᵒ) Structure

9. Protein Overall Structure
The spiraled or pleated chains now foil and coil even more.
This complex shape is called the
Tertiary (3ᵒ) Structure
This is when the protein becomes functional

10. Protein Overall Structure
The complex proteins will now fold and wrap around other proteins.
Having 2 or more proteins folded together is called the
Quaternary (4ᵒ) Structure

11. Protein Overall Structure
Primary (1ᵒ): Amino Acids in a chain/sequence Secondary (2ᵒ): Alpha helix or Beta pleated chain Tertiary (3ᵒ): Complex shape Quaternary (4ᵒ): 2 or more proteins folded on each other

12. Functions Speed up chemical reactions (Enzymes)
Transport things through the body (Hemoglobin)
Transport things through the cell membrane (Channel Proteins)
Defend the body against infections (Antibodies)
Growth, Maintenance, and Repair
Some Hormones (such as Insulin)

13. Denaturing
Proteins can become unfolded which is called denaturing. This is bad news and will cause the protein to no longer function. Denaturing is caused by a change in temperature or pH.

14. Examples Proteins can be found in a lot of places! Meat Eggs Nuts
Beans
Hair/Nails
Muscles
Vegetables
Milk