Viroids Lyndsay Murrow BMS 265. Nomenclature Viroid = “virus- like” Adapted from Flores R et al (1998) Arch Virol 143, 623-629.

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Viroids Lyndsay Murrow BMS 265

Nomenclature Viroid = “virus- like” Adapted from Flores R et al (1998) Arch Virol 143,

1974: Confirmation that viroids are non- coding 1973: Electron micrograph shows viroid’s hairpin structure Discovery Early 1960s: Raymer and O’Brien develop a bioassay for the agent causing potato spindle tuber disease 1965: Raymer teams up with Diener; they show that agent is not a typical virion 1971: Diener demonstrates that the agent is a free non-coding RNA, coins the term viroid 1968: Characterization of chrysanthemum stunt and citrus exocortis as non- typical viruses 1978: PSTVd is sequenced 1976: EM shows that viroids form closed circular RNAs

Example Members Genus Pospiviroids: PSTVd (potato spindle tuber) Genus Hostuviroids: HSVd (hop stunt) Genus Cocadviroids: CCCVd (coconut cadang-cadang) Genus Apscaviroids: ASSVd (apple scar skin) Genus Coleviroids: CbVd 1 (coleus blumei 1) Genus Avsunviroids: ASBVd (avocado sunblotch) Genus Pelamoviroids: PLMVd (peach latent mosaic) Pospiviroidae: Nuclear, CCR, no hammerhead self-cleavage Avsunviroidae: Chloroplastic, no CCR, hammerhead self-cleavage

Evolution and Conservation Diener TO (1996) Virus Genes 11, William G. Scott

Biogenesis Adapted from Daròs J et al (2006) EMBO Reports 7,

Cellular Functions (Pathogenicity) Pray LA (2004) The Scientist 18, 23.

Mechanism of Action Martick M and Scott WG (2006) SSRL Research Highlight 11,

Potential as a Tool Citti L and Rainaldi G (2005) Curr Gene Ther 5,