GOFC-GOLD Fire: an International Program for the Coordination of Fire Observations C. O. Justice University of Maryland, Department of Geography I. Csiszar NOAA/NESDIS, Center for Satellite Applications and Research J.G. Goldammer Global Fire Monitoring Center

Remote Sensing and Operational R and D Fire Science Research and Global Change Research Operational Fire and Resource Management and Policy Fire Observing Systems - Experimental - Operational GOFC/GOLD Fire Promote interaction between a number of major communities

Where are we trying to go? 1. Fire Monitoring Secure the necessary Fire Observations to support science and applications – satellite and ground based Global geostationary network – standard algorithms (characterized differences) – <1km spatial - 15 minute repeat – NRT delivery – active fire and FRP Long term polar orbiting record AM/PM – global BA products – known accuracy – continuous record International constellation of operational high resolution sensors providing 5 day cloud free global coverage Periodic global mapping of vegetation structure - 10m? Targeted rapid tasking of 3m-1m sensors or UAV’s providing disaster monitoring and post fire assessment Free and open satellite data access and sharing National ground based observation systems in place – open data sharing

2. Fire Management –Improved use of earth observations for NRM –Global early warning system in place complementing national EWS –Satellite fire data used for national fire monitoring as appropriate –Regional sharing of fire management resources – emergency response –Standardized national annual reporting w. known accuracy utilizing satellite assets where appropriate –Science to inform fire policies based on understanding of fire ecology and current resources at risk –Operational NRT Fire Emissions Modeling in place –Fire / Air Quality policies and monitoring systems in place –Public access to NRT information on fire risk and locations –Post fire assessment supported by satellite data leading to burned area recovery Where are we trying to go?

3. Fire Science –Better understanding of fire, land use, ecosystem and climate feedbacks –Accurate estimation of regional/global fire annual emissions –Improved understanding of fire role in Carbon and Biogeochemical Cycles –Fire, Smoke, Cloud interactions further understood –Fire ecology informing fire policy and management at the local level –Integrated modeling of future fire trends based on improved climate, socio economics and policy scenarios –Etc Where are we trying to go?

GOFC-GOLD Fire Implementation Team Arino, Olivier – ESA, Italy Badarinath, KVS – NRSA, India Chuvieco, Emilio – U. Alcala, Spain Csiszar, Ivan – NOAA, USA DeGroot, Bill – CFS, Canada Goldammer, Johann – Co-chair, GFMC, Germany Grant, Allan - Australia Justice, Chris – Co-chair, UMd, USA Lorenz, Eckehard – DLR, Germany Loupian, Evgeny – SRI, Russia Lynham, Timothy – CFS, Canada Sukhinin, Anatoly – SFI, Russia Regional Network Fire Coordinators (GOFC network coordinator – Olga Krankina) South and Central America (REDLATIF) – Carlos DiBella, Argentina SE Asia - Mastura Mahmud, Malaysia Southern Africa (SAFNET) – Wisdom Dlamini, Philip Frost, Navashni Govender West Africa (WARN) - Cheikh Mbow, Senegal Northern Eurasia – Evgeny Loupian, Russia International Land Direct Readout Committee Brian Schwind – USA, Rainer Ressl - Mexico, Craig Smith- Australia CEOS Land Product Validation Working Group – Fire Focus Leads Kevin Tansey- UK, Luigi Boschetti – USA

GOFC-GOLD Fire website gofc-fire.umd.edu

Fire Monitoring IT Goals & Activities Spaceborne Assets –Global Geostationary Fire Network –Fire Monitoring with next generation Operational Polar Orbiters –High/Mod Resolution Data Continuity –Sensor Web Demonstration and Technology Development –Next Generation Fire Sensor Technologies Data and Information Products –Regional / Global Burned Area Products –Burned Area Product Validation Protocol –Near real-time and regional fire emissions modeling –Global Fire Danger Rating System Proposal –Multi-source fire information integration –Long Term Fire Data Records –Global Fire Assessment 2010 Recent Areas for IT Emphasis Data Distribution –Near Real Time Global Daily Active Fire Monitoring –Web based Fire and Imagery Distribution Systems –GeoNetcast Distribution Capacity Building for Data Utilization –Fire Regional Networks – workshops and initiatives –Increased UN Fire Monitoring Capability

Current GOFC-GOLD fire network initiatives – in partnership with the regional wildland fire networks SAFNET- Southern Africa ( SEARRIN - South East Asia ( OSFAC - Central Africa ( REDLATIF - Latin America ( NERIN – Northern Eurasia ( gold/net-NERIN.html) Emerging Observation Networks Australasia Mediterranean East Asia - (under discussion) South Asia – (under discussion) GOFC-GOLD Regional Fire Networks

Close Collaboration with

New Drivers for GOFC-GOLD Fire Changing World-Changing Fire Regimes – Economies and Climate IPCC Evolution Requiring New Science and Data Sets –WGs 1,2,3 – Agency Emphasis on Impacts, Adaptation, Mitigation Changing Playing Field re. Satellite Observations Catastrophic Fire/On-Going Disasters – fire and forest management International Environmental Conventions: –UNFCC – observations needs –National Emissions Inventories and UN REDD GCOS Implementation Plan: –Establish international standards for fire observations –Reliable methods for accuracy assessment –Develop and apply validation protocols GEO & GEOSS work plan and tasks: –2 tasks currently directly related to fire –Updated tasks in work plan

GEOSS societal benefits and land cover Climate Land change & GHG emis. Water+energy exchanges Climate Land change & GHG emis. Water+energy exchanges Weather Land–surface climate int. Vegetation characteristics Weather Land–surface climate int. Vegetation characteristics Health Land change / disease vectors / boundary cond. Health Land change / disease vectors / boundary cond. Disasters Fire monitoring Land degradation assess. Disasters Fire monitoring Land degradation assess. Agriculture Cultivation pattern+forestry Land degradations Agriculture Cultivation pattern+forestry Land degradations Ecosystems Change environment cond. Services + accounting Ecosystems Change environment cond. Services + accounting Energy Bio-energy/biomass Wind/hydro power assess. Energy Bio-energy/biomass Wind/hydro power assess. Water Water resources / quality Land+water use pattern Water Water resources / quality Land+water use pattern Biodiversity Ecosystem characteristics Habitats + fragmentation Biodiversity Ecosystem characteristics Habitats + fragmentation

Fire Relevant GEO Tasks GEO Work Plans DI-09-03b Implementation of a Fire Warning System at the Global Level –Develop a globally-coordinated warning system for fire, including improved prediction capabilities, analysis tools and response support through sensors, information products and risk assessment models. CL-06-01c Key Climate Data from Satellite Systems –Establish actions securing the provision of key data for climate studies and forecasting from satellite systems.

GOFC-Fire Response to New Drivers International Coordination Initiatives Global Fire Assessment 2010 Global Fire Early Warning System w. UN ISDR Global Geostationary Fire Network w. CEOS, GSICS ECVs, Validation and Reporting Protocols w. CEOS LPV WG REDD Sourcebook – Fire Fire Data Continuity – VIIRS, Sentinel etc Improving Data Access –FIRMS >FAO –GEONetcast Regional Access –Land Direct Broadcast Coordination Group (ILDRCG)

Global Fire Assessment 2010 Science is documenting changing fire regimes and climate projections show further changes likely Increased availability of validated global fire products means that a quantitative satellite-based Global Assessment now feasible ( ) Product would provide a baseline for monitoring fire regime changes and contribute to IPCC WG 2 Product could complement the 2010 UN FRA as did the Global Fire Management Assessment 2006 (narrative) for the 2005 FRA GOFC-GOLD Fire starting to coordinate the assessment with the regional fire networks –Thesaloniki Fire IT Meeting initial discussion –Need to develop appropriate data sets and metrics –Agree on National and regional reporting

Characterizing Global Fire - Metrics Giglio et al., 2006, JGR Season length from MODIS active fires ( )

Global Fire Early Warning System Proposal initially submitted to and endorsed by UN Interagency Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR) in 2006 Proposal presented at GOFC/WMO-Fire Risk Workshop in Edmonton in 2008 Implementation strategy document under development by Bill DeGroot (NRCanada) and Johann Goldammer (GFMC) Funding proposals being developed and floated (e.g. ITTO, June 2009)

Opportunities for partners to join the Global Early Warning System for Wildland Fire Coordinate with existing and upcoming systems of wildland fire early warning and monitoring Development Phase Goal: Develop fire danger / susceptibility products

SatelliteActive Fire Spectral Bands Resolution IGFOV (km) SSR (km) Full Disk Coverage 3.9  m Saturation Temperature (K) Minimum Fire Size at Equator (at 750 K) (hectares) GOES-E/-W Imager 1 visible 3.9 and 10.7  m (8.0) hours>335 K (G-11) >335 K (G-12) 0.15 GOES-10 Imager (South America, 2006) 1 visible 3.9 and 10.7  m (8.0) hours (Full Disk) 15-min (SA) ~322 K (G-10)0.15 MSG SEVIRI 1 HRV 2 visible 1.6, 3.9 and 10.8  m minutes~335 K0.22 FY-2C SVISSR (FY-2D, 2006) 1 visible, 3.75 and 10.8  m minutes~330 K (?) MTSAT-1R JAMI (HRIT) 1 visible 3.7 and 10.8  m hour~320 K0.15 INSAT-3D (4 th Qtr, 2007) 1 vis, 1.6  m 3.9 and 10.7  m ? 2.3 ? 30 minutes GOMS Elektro N2 MSU-G (2010) 3 visible 1.6, 3.75 and 10.7  m 1.0 km 4.0 km 30 minutes COMS (2008) 1 visible 3.9 and 10.7  m 1.0 km 4.0 km 30 minutes Satellite View Angle 80° 65° Global Geostationary Active Fire Monitoring Capabilities GOES-EGOES-WMSGCOMS (116 or 128 E), MTSAT (140 E) 160 GOMS (76 E), INSAT (83 E), FY-2C (105 E) GOES-10 Goal: Establish a geostationary global fire network partially implemented by NOAA

GTOS and Terrestrial ECVs Part of GEO Task CL-06-01

Progress towards Fire Disturbance ECV GTOS (2008):Assessment of the Status of the Development of Standards for the Terrestrial ECVs – Fire disturbance (draft, 27 May 2009), GTOS-68 (in review) Action T32 Reanalyze historical fire measurements from space (mod to low progress) Action T33 Continuous fire measurements from space (good progress) Action T34 Apply common validation protocols to fire measurements (mod to good progress) Action T35 Fire products available worldwide (Mod to good progress) ECVs and associated activities need continuing refinement

ESA Climate Change Initiative Creating ECVs Phase 1: Scientific user consultation and detailed specifications (2009>) - establish formal consultation mechanisms with the climate science programmes, including setting up of the Climate Science Advisory Body - learn the lessons from analysis and assimilation of existing global data products - establish data access, Cal/Val and reprocessing requirements specific to ECVs - establish detailed data product, algorithm, and system performance specifications - initiate detailed requirements engineering and algorithm developments for ECVs - initiate data gathering and re-processing activities up to Level-1B/2 Phase 2: Systems development and data products generation (2010>) - implement a series of high performance production systems for ECV generation - verify the correct implementation of selected retrieval algorithms and data models - initiate generation of large-scale long term ECV global data products - characterise & validate products before issue to the climate modelling community Phase 3: Assessment, Assimilation and feedback (2011>) - Trends assessment of all data products generated - Comparison with independent sources including in-situ - Use for initialization and evaluation of climate models - Identification of anomalies, biases, discontinuities, and cal/val improvements

Validation and Reporting Protocols GOFC w. CEOS LPV Requirement that CDRs/ECVs be validated – known accuracy Need for international standards for validation, methods and results reporting Shared validation data sets – reproduceable results LPV Fire co leads – Luigi Boschetti/Kevin Tansey –Burned Area Protocol process completed –Active Fire (MODIS, GOES, VIIRS, MSG) next ? –FRP

International Land Direct Readout Committee ( ) DB Land Advisory Group co-chaired by USFS, Geoscience Australia and CONABIO to advise on 'community' algorithms Increasing involvement and promoting regional networking of DB stations - following the Sentinel Asia Model Initial focus on MODIS>VIIRS Direct Readout –Formalize the Land DR link to IPO VIIRS Algorithm Division, International Polar Orbiting Processing Package (IPOPP) –Ensure continuity of MODIS DB Land algorithms with VIIRS (some VIIRS algorithms are already SPAs; integrate into IPOPP) –Develop new MODIS and VIIRS DB Land algorithms as desired by the DB community –NASA Direct Readout Lab (DRL) will be the portal for EOS/NPP VIIRS (IPOPP) –Establish a Land DR Advisory Group to the IPOPP Create a regional data product sharing via a data DB web Geoportal (clearinghouse); Links to information and data

FIRE and REDD GOFC- Fire has been promoting international coordination re. a Fire Emissions Product Suite GOFC-GOLD Sourcebook - Fire Chapter being developed following Jena Workshop (Boschetti, Stressa et al). –Satellite fire data being used in some national emissions inventories Area burned, Fuel load and condition, Fire severity etc –Focus on satellite fire monitoring methods Active fires, burned area (FRP experimental) Future expansion to EWS? –Sourcebook is a working document Current REDD focus on forests but FAO 10% defn…. Political aspects of REDD still evolving Fire REDD implementation issues will need working e.g. –Fire exclusion not an option in some ecosystems ! –Good fire management by early season savanna burning results in higher emissions –Fire management can help reduce stand replacement fires but how would this be proven on a project level (anthropogenic vs. natural?) –Temporal aspects will be critical – extreme events El Nino

Additional New Initiatives for GOFC-FIRE to Consider Continuity Products and Access from New and Next - Generation Sensors GOES, VIIRS, Sentinels, China?, India? Long-Term Satellite Fire Data Records –AVHRR Global 1km Re-analysis International Coordination of ECVs –Community consensus products ??? –Duplication of effort – competing products –At a minimum shared validation data sets (CEOS LPV) International Landsat-class Data Acquisition Coordination > increased coverage frequency Advise on REDD Fire Implementation issues New GOFC Fire IT Leads – changing of the guard

Recent and upcoming meetings International EOS/NPP Direct Readout Meeting –3/31/ /4/2008 Bangkok, Thailand International Workshop on Advances in Operational Weather Systems for Fire Danger Rating –7/14/ /16/2008 Edmonton, Canada 7th SAFNet workshop –9/22/ /26/2008 Caprivi, Namibia 14th Australasian R. S. and P. Conference –9/29/ /3/2008 Darwin, Australia Fire Remote Sensing Redlatif Workshop –10/22/2008 – 10/24/2008 Buenos Aires, Argentina 7th International Workshop of the EARSeL Special Interest Group on Forest Fires –9/2/2009 – 9/5/2009, Matera, Italy Monitoring land cover, land use and fire in agricultural and semi- arid regions of Northern Eurasia (NASA LCLUC, GOFC, MAIRS) –9/15/2009 – 9/20/2009, Almaty, Kazakhstan EUMETSAT Training Workshop “MSG Land Surface Applications: Drought & Fires” –9/7/2009 – 9/10/2009, Sofia, Bulgaria

Continuing Challenges for GOFC- GOLD Fire Resources for Regional Networks – UN ? Funding and implementation plan for EWS - ? Support for the International Global Fire Assessment Help users understand the different products –Product inter-comparison and regional joint validation initiatives via the GOFC / UN Fire Networks Putting Fire higher on the agency observation priorities Ensuring continued support for GOFC-GOLD Fire related activities – need a fire project office? A Global Fire Monitoring System of Systems !?*!?