1071 Battle of Manzikert heralds influx of Turks into Asia Minor 27th November 1095 Pope Urban II (p ) preaches the First Crusade at Clermont Spring 1096 “Peasants’ Crusade” travels to Constantinople Sept/Oct 1096 Peasants’ Crusade massacred by Saljuqs of Rum

Map Link: Europe and Muslim World c. 1097: < medieval/maps/map080.jpgmedieval/maps/map080.jpg>

End 1097 “Official” crusading armies reach Constantinople, are shipped across Bosphorus 1109 Crusaders complete conquest of much of Levantine coast, with states set up based at Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli and Jerusalem

Map Link: The Crusader States: < medieval/maps/map012.jpgmedieval/maps/map012.jpg>

1105 Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Holy War) dictated in public by ‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami ( ) 1144 ‘Imad al-Din Zangi takes Edessa 1146 Zangi murdered by slave Reign of Nur al-Din Jami‘ al-Nuri, Hama, Syria (bt ); Great Mosque, Aleppo (restored by Nur al-Din, )

Map Link: Zangi’s Territories: < Possession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg/2000px- Possession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg.pngPossession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg.png>

1148 Crusaders fail to take Damascus 1154 Nur al-Din takes Damascus Jan 1169 Shirkuh becomes Fatimid vizier Reign of Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin) 1171 Death of Fatimid caliph al-‘Adid. Saladin abolishes Fatimid caliphate 1174 Death of Nur al-Din

Map Link: Saladin’s Conquests: < crusades1187-map1.jpgcrusades1187-map1.jpg>

Saladin takes control of Syria 1187 Saladin destroys crusaders’ field army Saladin takes most of coast including Jerusalem

Map Link: The Battle of Hattin, 1187: < saladin/images/Map%20--%20battle%20of%20 Hattin.jpgHattin.jpg>

Richard I and Saladin fight each other to a standstill Sept 1192 Peace agreement made. Richard leaves Levant 4th March 1193 Death of Saladin Levant ruled by Saladin’s family until ousted by Mamluks, who sweep crusaders off coast by 1291

1140s Almoravid Empire: Revolts in some Muslim cities against Almoravids, with rulers being ejected

Map Link: The Almoravids: < Maps/Map%20-%20Spain%20Almoravids.pdfMaps/Map%20-%20Spain%20Almoravids.pdf>

“Reign” of Ibn Tumart as mahdi of the muwahhidun (Almohads = “unitarians”). Almohad position is mix of Sunni, Shi‘ite, Traditionalist and Mu‘tazilite elements ‘Abd al-Mu’min reigns as Almohad caliph ‘Abd al-Mu’min takes N. Africa from Almoravids, incl. Marrakesh

‘Abd al-Mu’min takes south-west Spain 1160 ‘Abd al-Mu’min takes Ifriqiya 1170s ‘Abd al-Mu’min’s successors take south-east Spain Mosque of Hasan, Rabat, Morocco (bt. 1199)

Map Link: The Muslim West in the Early 13 th Century: < uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Med%20West%20in %20Early%2013th%20Century.pdf%20Early%2013th%20Century.pdf>

1212 Almohads defeated at Las Navas de Tolosa 1269 Marinids take Marrakesh, complete conquest of N. Africa 1275 All but Granada in Christian hands 1492 Christians take Granada mudejars (mudajjan = “permitted to remain”/“put to use”)

Map Link: Spain, : < shepherd-c jpgshepherd-c jpg>

Ibn al-Khayyat al-Dimashqi (d. 1123/24) Very little known about him Poet in the service of an amir named ‘Adb al-Dawla

Ibn al-Qaysarani (b. Acre 1085, d. Damascus 1154) Initially from Caesarea, but fled Frankish invasion to Damascus Was superintendent of mechanical clocks and poet, but satires offended ruler Taj al-Muluk Buri (r ). Had to leave Passed into service of Zangi, then Nur al-Din, for both of whom wrote panegyrics

Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/ /11/1188) Usama ibn Murshid ibn ‘Ali ibn Munqidh From Shayzar in N. Syria Lived in Shayzar until c. 1131, then served Zangi for a few years before returning home. Exiled from Shayzar again in 1138 Murshid (d. 1137)Sultan

Map Link: The Levant c. 1140: < /7/7d/SASH_D189_Map_of_the_crusader_states_ of_syria_and_lebanon.jpg/400px-SASH_D189_ Map_of_the_crusader_states_of_syria_and_lebanon.jpgMap_of_the_crusader_states_of_syria_and_lebanon.jpg>

Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/ /11/1188) Joined court in Damascus, but became embroiled in politics and had to leave in Went to Egypt. Became embroiled in politics and had to leave in Joined court of Nur al-Din in Damascus

Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/ /11/1188) Retired to Hisn Kayfa in c In 1174 allowed son Murhaf to persuade him to join court of Saladin. Usama and Saladin fell out two years later Best known to historians for Kitab al-I‘tibar (Book of Learning by Example)