Chapter 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere The Atmosphere 9e Lutgens & Tarbuck Power Point by Michael C. LoPresto.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere The Atmosphere 9e Lutgens & Tarbuck Power Point by Michael C. LoPresto

Microscale

Atmospheric Circulation Scales Distance Time scale Examples Macroscale Planetary Synoptic 1000 – 40,000 km 100 – 500 km Weeks or more Days to weeks Westerlies Hurricanes Mesoscale 1 – 100 km Minutes to hours Thunderstorms, Land-sea breeze Microscale < 1km Seconds to minutes Gusts, dust devils

Mesoscale Sea Breeze (occurs in afternoon)

Mesoscale Land Breeze (occurs in early morning)

Valley Breeze (afternoon)

Mountain Breeze (early morning)

Other Common, Named Mesoscale Winds Chinook – warm winter wind that descends off mountains (Foehn in Alps; Santa Ana in So. Cal.) Katabatic – cold, powerful winter wind that descends off glaciers (mistral in Alps)

Over-simplified global model (why is it wrong?) Macroscale: Global Circulation Over-simplified global model (why is it wrong?)

Best Model for Global Circulation

Idealized & Actual Prevailing Global Winds

Seasonal Pressure and Wind Patterns

January Average Global Pressure and Winds

July Average Global Pressure and Winds

Monsoons Seasonal wind (and precipitation) events on large continents Cooling of land during winter creates high pressure, pushes air offshore (cold dry winds) Heating of land during summer creates low pressure, sucks air inland (warm wet winds)

Winter Monsoon Circulation

Summer Monsoon Circulation

North American Monsoon L

The Westerlies and the Jet Stream

Jet Stream

Jet Stream

300 mb Equal-Pressure Surface 4.15.05

300 mb Equal-Pressure Surface 4.15.05

Rossby Waves

Meridional and Zonal Flow

Ocean Currents

El Nino/Southern Oscillation

Effects of El Nino

ENSO El Nino Winter Surface Air Pressure Anomaly low high high low La Nina Winter Surface Air Pressure Anomaly

1997 ENSO Movie http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s997.htm http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/ENSO/ http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/map/clim/sst_olr/el_nino_anim.shtml http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/map/clim/sst_olr/old_sst/sst_9798_anim.shtml http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/ENSO/Compare/

1982-1983 ENSO Movie

Average Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature

Sea Surface Temperature March 2002

ENSO Rainfall in North America El Nino Winter Precipitation Rate Anomaly La Nina Winter Precipitation Rate Anomaly

Current ENSO conditions: Equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (top) and temperature anomalies (bottom)

Worldwide ENSO Effects Drought Flooding, erosion Tropical Storms Drought Drought Drought Utah: On average, ENSO years are normal, but some ENSO years have brought severe flooding Worldwide ENSO Effects Page 222

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