CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION CHAPTER 4

CELLS ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE______ A CELL IS THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT CAN CARRY ON ALL OF THE PROCESSES OF LIFE.

DISCOVERY OF CELLS *Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Observed sliver of cork from the bark of a cork oak tree. Saw “row of empty _____” Coined the term cell (reminded him of the cubicles or “cells” where monks live.) Anton van Leewenhoek (1673) First person to observe _____ cells. Able to observe cells with green stripes from an alga of the genus spirogyra and bell shaped cells on stalks of a protist of the genus vorticella

CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden “ all plants are made up of cells” “ all animals are made up of cells” (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow “all cells come from cells” These three observations Were combined to form a basic ______ about the cellular nature of Life. CELL THEORY: All living things are made of cells Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell All cells arise from _____________ cells

CELL DIVERSITY Cell Shape: The diversity in cell shapes reflects the different ______ of cells. Each cell has a shape designed to allow the cell to perform its function effectively. Cell Size: The ______ of a cell is limited by the relationship of the cell’s outer surface area to its volume..

Characteristics of All Cells ALL CELLS HAVE THREE BASIC FEATURES IN COMMON: Plasma membrane (cell ______) – cell’s outer boundary, acts as a _______ between the inside and the outside of a cell Cytoplasm- region of the cell within plasma membrane that includes _____, cytoskeleton, and all organelles except nucleus. Control center (nucleus)- contains _____

TWO BASIC TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotic Eukaryotic First cell type on earth Cell type of ______ and Archaea No membrane bound nucleus Nucleoid = region of DNA __________ Organelles not bound by _________ Nucleus bound by membrane Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells Possess many _________ that perform specific functions in the cell Usually much ______ than prokaryotic cells

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ORGANELLES & THEIR FUNCTION

Plasma Membrane Functions: 1) allows only certain molecules in or____ of a cell 2) separates internal metabolic reactions from external environment 3) allows cell to excrete ______ and _________ with its environment. Made primarily of phospholipids : _________ B-Layer

Membrane Proteins: Plasma membranes contain specific ______ embedded within the lipid bi-layer called integral proteins. Integral proteins play important roles in actively __________ molecules into the cell.

Nucleus Most of the functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the _____, and houses/protects the cells genetic information. Nucleoplasm- jellylike liquid which holds the contents of the nucleus. Nuclear envelope – double membrane that surrounds nucleus. Made up of two phospholipid b-layers. _________ – Dense area where _______is concentrated.

Mitochondria Tiny organelles that _________ energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which__________ the cell. Mitochondrial DNA –mitochondria have their own DNA and can reproduce only by the division of preexisting mitochondria.

Ribosomes Small roughly spherical organelles that are responsible for building________. Ribosomes do not have a membrane, they are made of ________and RNA molecules.

Endoplasmic Reticulum System of membranous ______and sacs, called cisternae. Functions: intracellular________, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another. Two types of ER: _______endoplasmic reticulum – system of interconnected flattened sacs covered with ribosomes, which produces proteins. _________endoplasmic reticulum- lacks ribosomes which has a smooth appearance and builds lipids.

Golgi Apparatus system of flattened sacs that receive _______from the ER containing newly made proteins or lipids. The Golgi apparatus labels and packs cellular products and prepares them for export. The “mail man” of the cell

Vesicles Lysosomes- vesicles that bud from the Golgi apparatus and contain _______ enzymes that break down large molecules. Lysosomes also digest worn-out organelles (autophagy), and break down cells (autolysis). Peroxisomes- abundant in liver and kidney cells where they ________ alcohol and other drugs.

Cytoskeleton Network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscross the cytosol, which give _______ to the cell.

CILIA & FLAGELLA CILIA & FLAGELLA: ______ like structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in__________. Cilia are short and a re present in large numbers on certain cells whereas flagella are longer and far less numerous.

PLANT CELLS Cell wall – rigid layer that lies _________the cell’s plasma membrane, which contain a carbohydrate called cellulose. Central vacuole – A large, fluid-filled organelle that stores______,_______,___________, and other materials. Chloroplasts – use _____ _________to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. Contains chlorophyll ( molecules that absorbs light and captures light energy for the cell)