Kingdom Protista Classification Animal-like Protists Plant–like Protists Fungus-like Protists Follow along on the Yellow Note Sheet as we examine Protist Classification in more detail as well as some of the diseases that can be caused by Protists:

Animal-Like Protists are called: Protozoans and are typically divided into 4 separate phyla Protozoans and are typically divided into 4 separate phyla We mentioned these 4 animal-like protist phyla on the introduction notes, but now we will look into these 4 phyla in more detail on the following slides:

Phylum Sarcodina

Unique Sarcodina Characteristics: Contain about 40,000 species Contain about 40,000 species Have flexible cell membranes Have flexible cell membranes Pseudopodia for movement and feeding Pseudopodia for movement and feeding Pseudopodia form when the cytoplasm moves Pseudopodia form when the cytoplasm moves Ameboid movement also called (cytoplasmic streaming) Ameboid movement also called (cytoplasmic streaming) When food is surrounded =endocytosis When food is surrounded =endocytosis When waste leaves the cell =exocytosis When waste leaves the cell =exocytosis Organelles that expel fluid from the cell are called contractile vacuoles Organelles that expel fluid from the cell are called contractile vacuoles This is an ameba using cytoplasmic streaming to surround and engulf some food.

Sarcodina Diseases, Benefits, Facts: Entamoeba histolytica is one of a number of species of small amoebae which live in the alimentary canal of humans. These are usually harmless protozoa, feeding on bacteria and particles in the intestine. In certain conditions, Entamoeba invades the wall of the intestine or rectum causing ulceration and bleeding, with pain, vomiting and diarrhea, symptoms of amoebic dysentery. Entamoeba histolytica is one of a number of species of small amoebae which live in the alimentary canal of humans. These are usually harmless protozoa, feeding on bacteria and particles in the intestine. In certain conditions, Entamoeba invades the wall of the intestine or rectum causing ulceration and bleeding, with pain, vomiting and diarrhea, symptoms of amoebic dysentery. Here is the Entamoeba histolytica What organ of the human body did we just say this amoeba affects? How?

Sarcodina Protists: Notice how the cytoplasmic streaming creates a diverse array of ameba shapes What is this ameba doing? What other protist does it look like the ameba is eating?

Phylum Ciliophora

Unique Ciliophora Characteristics: Contain about 8,000 species Contain about 8,000 species Posses Cilia for movement Posses Cilia for movement Pellicle = protein surround cell membrane Pellicle = protein surround cell membrane Oral groove = funnel shaped depression Oral groove = funnel shaped depression Mouth pore = where food enters Mouth pore = where food enters Gullet = where food vacuoles are created Gullet = where food vacuoles are created Anal pore = where wastes exit Anal pore = where wastes exit Macronucleus = operates as the director of cell activities Macronucleus = operates as the director of cell activities Micronucleus = helps with the exchange of DNA during conjugation Micronucleus = helps with the exchange of DNA during conjugation Can you find all these eukaryotic cell parts on this paramecium?

Reproduction by Conjugation A type of Sexual reproduction where there is an exchange of genetic information!

Reproduction by Binary Fission (asexual)

Ciliophora Diseases: Balantidium coli is the only species that affects humans. Normal habitat is the intestines of hogs. Balantidium coli is the only species that affects humans. Normal habitat is the intestines of hogs.

Ciliophora Diseases: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis a parasitic ciliate, causes white spot disease in freshwater fish by attaching to the fish’s skin and feeding on the fish. The wound left can become infected and cause death. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis a parasitic ciliate, causes white spot disease in freshwater fish by attaching to the fish’s skin and feeding on the fish. The wound left can become infected and cause death.

Ciliophora Protists: What structures allow this paramecium to move and obtain food?

Paramecium caudatum

Phylum Zoomastigina (zooflagellate)

Unique Zoomastigina Characteristics: Contain about 2,500 species Contain about 2,500 species Have one or more flagella for movement Have one or more flagella for movement

Zoomastigina Diseases: Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness. Transmitted by the Tetse fly causes fever, lethargy, mental deterioration and coma. Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness. Transmitted by the Tetse fly causes fever, lethargy, mental deterioration and coma. Here is the trypanosoma protist in a blood smear

Zoomastigina Diseases: Trypanosoma cruz causes Chagas’ disease (when bitten by the “kissing bug” and causes fever and severe heart damage.) Trypanosoma cruz causes Chagas’ disease (when bitten by the “kissing bug” and causes fever and severe heart damage.)

Zoomastigina Diseases: Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania donoviana and is transmitted by the Sand fly. It is a blood disease with skin sores. Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania donoviana and is transmitted by the Sand fly. It is a blood disease with skin sores.

Zoomastigina Diseases: The Protist Giardia lamblia causes guardiasis which causes diarrhea and severe cramps. It is spread by animals and picked up by humans in contaminated drinking water. The Protist Giardia lamblia causes guardiasis which causes diarrhea and severe cramps. It is spread by animals and picked up by humans in contaminated drinking water. Can you trace the infectious cycle?

Phylum Sporozoa (commonly called Apicomplexa)

The Apicomplexa — also called Apicomplexia — are a large group of parasitic protists, most of which possess a unique organelle, a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell.

Unique Sporozoa Characteristics: Contain about 6,000 species Contain about 6,000 species No means of locomotion, but rather are parasitic and live in the blood and tissue of the host No means of locomotion, but rather are parasitic and live in the blood and tissue of the host Who is an obvious vector (transmitter) of the Sporozoan?

Sporozoan Diseases: The best known sporozoan is Plasmodium, which enters a human when bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito and causes Malaria The best known sporozoan is Plasmodium, which enters a human when bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito and causes Malaria Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite found in birds, rodents, & cats. Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite found in birds, rodents, & cats. Infects red blood cells and release toxins

II. Plant-like Protists are called Algae Range in size from unicellular to large seaweeds Range in size from unicellular to large seaweeds Considered autotrophic since they have chloroplasts Considered autotrophic since they have chloroplasts Thallus = body portion of an alga Thallus = body portion of an alga

There are 4 main algae types: 1. Most unicellular algae are Phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, one celled organisms that form the base of the food chain. 1. Most unicellular algae are Phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, one celled organisms that form the base of the food chain. Now you know about both phytoplankton AND zooplankton. What is the difference? Can you find them both in this food chain picture?

2. Colonial algae are groups of algae cells acting in a coordinated manner 2. Colonial algae are groups of algae cells acting in a coordinated manner Volvox colonies with daughter colonies inside.

3. Filamentous algae have a slender, rod shaped Thallus 3. Filamentous algae have a slender, rod shaped Thallus

4. Multi-cellular algae have large, complex Thallus (almost leaf-like) 4. Multi-cellular algae have large, complex Thallus (almost leaf-like) Seaweed

Classification: Algae are often classified into seven Phyla Classification: Algae are often classified into seven Phyla

Plant-like Protist examples: Seaweed Seaweed Euglena Euglena

Diatoms Diatoms When diatoms die, they slowly sink to the seabed. The buildup of trillions of these shells forms a crumbly white sediment known as diatomaceous earth or diatomite, which is used in manufacturing pool filters and abrasives, including toothpaste. Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates color the water in a British Columbia bay.

III. Fungus-like Protists Characteristics: Characteristics:  Eukaryotic  Multi-cellular  Heterotrophic

Classification of Fungus-like Protists: Slime Molds Slime Molds Water Molds Water Molds

Water Molds The potato blight caused the Irish Potato Famine in which, it is estimated, caused over 1,000,000 to starve to death and forced a further 2,000,000 to emigrate. The potato blight caused the Irish Potato Famine in which, it is estimated, caused over 1,000,000 to starve to death and forced a further 2,000,000 to emigrate.

There are two important phyla (divisions) of water molds, the chytrids (Chytridiomycota) and the oomycetes (Oomycota). The chytrids live in salt- and freshwater and in moist soil. They live as saprobes, obtaining their metabolic energy from decaying plant and animal material, or as parasites, attacking plants, fungi, and algae The chytrids live in salt- and freshwater and in moist soil. They live as saprobes, obtaining their metabolic energy from decaying plant and animal material, or as parasites, attacking plants, fungi, and algae parasites

The oomycetes resemble fungi, taking the form of coenocytic filaments (hyphae). They differ from fungi, however, in that cellulose is present in their cell walls. The oomycetes resemble fungi, taking the form of coenocytic filaments (hyphae). They differ from fungi, however, in that cellulose is present in their cell walls. These are oospores of the plant pathogenic oomycete (water mold) Phytophthoria sojae. This fungus-like microbe causes a serious root and stem rot disease of soybeans.

End of Protist notes chapter 21 Now you will look at a pond water sample to locate and draw some of these microscopic protists Now you will look at a pond water sample to locate and draw some of these microscopic protists