The Black Pearl Design Team: Ryan Cobb Jacob Conger Christopher Cottingham Travis Douville Josh Johnson Adam Loverro Tony Maloney

The Black Pearl: Design Proposal Design Drivers Maximum Level Speed Maximum Climb Rate Low-Drag Flying Wing With Drag-reducing winglets Objectives Increase Available Power Decrease Drag Decrease Weight

The Black Pearl: The Complications Stability Stability Fabrication Fabrication Landing Landing Payload Arrangement Payload Arrangement

The Black Pearl: Complication Remedies Stability Remedies Stability Remedies Wing Sweep Wing Sweep Wing Twist Wing Twist Reflexed Camber Line Airfoils Reflexed Camber Line Airfoils Proper Payload Arrangement Proper Payload Arrangement Winglets Winglets Fabrication Remedies Fabrication Remedies No fuselage or tail No fuselage or tail Fewer control surfaces Fewer control surfaces Landing Remedies Landing Skid Due to landing gear release on Take-Off Payload Arrangement Increased Root Thickness For storage in wing

The Black Pearl: Comparison Aircraft The Black Pearl Zagi XT Surikaty XE Paoli Flying Wing (unpowered) Thunder Tiger TOW (lbs) Wing Span (ft) Wing Area (in 2 ) Wing Loading (oz/in 2 )

The Black Pearl: Take-Off Weight Payload: Payload: Batteries, GPS, Receiver Batteries, GPS, Receiver Payload Weight: 2.85 lbs. Payload Weight: 2.85 lbs. Mission Requirements: Mission Requirements: Max Mach: Max Mach: Cruise Mach: Cruise Mach: Cruise Alt.: 500 ft. Cruise Alt.: 500 ft. Aspect Ratio: 6 Aspect Ratio: 6 Structure Factor: 0.54 Structure Factor: 0.54 Final Take-Off Weight: 6.26 lbs. Final Take-Off Weight: 6.26 lbs.

The Black Pearl: Wing Loading Mission Requirements: High Speed High Climb Rate Cruise: 1.69 lbs/ft 2 Climb: 2.94 lbs/ft 2 Preliminary Take-Off Distance: 120 ft.

The Black Pearl: Wing Design Multiple Airfoil Sections Multiple Airfoil Sections MH-45 at root MH-45 at root E-230 at tip E-230 at tip Increase in size to accommodate payload Increase in size to accommodate payload Less Geometric Twist = Less Drag Less Geometric Twist = Less Drag Effective dihedral incorporated into design for stability Effective dihedral incorporated into design for stability Winglets add effective dihedral Winglets add effective dihedral

The Black Pearl: Fuselage Design No Actual Fuselage Wing root thickened to accommodate payload Landing skid centered underneath wing Optimized airfoil fuselage shape

The Black Pearl: Wing Bubble

The Black Pearl: Airfoil Geometric Constraints

The Black Pearl: Flaps Design Take-Off Speed: 25 ft/s Sf/Sw: 0.4 Plane Flaps High AR Calculations Maximum CL:1.5 with flaps 1.0 without flaps Stall Angle = 12 o 14 o without flaps

The Black Pearl: Motor Selection Max Speed: 98 ft/s Max Speed: 98 ft/s Total Drag: 0.28 lb f Total Drag: 0.28 lb f Astro 15 Motor Astro 15 Motor 6,800 RPM 6,800 RPM SHP-0.35 SHP-0.35 Thrust at Cruise: 1.96 lb f Thrust at Cruise: 1.96 lb f T/W Ratio: 0.38 T/W Ratio: 0.38 Gear Drive Combo Gear Drive Combo 12x8 Propeller 12x8 Propeller 12 Cells 12 Cells

The Black Pearl: Power Requirements

The Black Pearl: Takeoff and Landing Analysis Mission requirements: Mission requirements: 300 ft. max take-off 300 ft. max take-off Without flaps: 211 ft. take-off length Without flaps: 211 ft. take-off length Skid Landing: High Friction Skid Landing: High Friction Leads to low-predictability from spreadsheet Leads to low-predictability from spreadsheet

The Black Pearl: Stability Design Payload arrangement Payload arrangement Forward C.G.  Positive Static Margin Forward C.G.  Positive Static Margin Wing Sweep: 20 o Wing Sweep: 20 o Wing Twist Wing Twist Washout Washout Reflexed Camber Line Airfoil Reflexed Camber Line Airfoil Low (or positive) moment coefficient Low (or positive) moment coefficient

The Black Pearl: Aerodynamic Wing Twist

The Black Pearl: Stability Design Part II Winglets Enhance directional stability Wing alone is directionally stable Wing Dihedral: -1o Roll Stability

The Black Pearl: Structure Two main spars for structure support Cutout in back of wing 4”x14” for propeller Thin Balsa wood skin Hatches incorporated into fuselage “bubble” for easy access to payload Smoother surface of entire wing

The Black Pearl: Structure (cont’d)

The Black Pearl: A New Beginning