Fig. 29-1

Table 29-1

Fig Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya) ANCES- TRAL GREEN ALGA Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seed plants Seedless vascular plants Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Land plants Vascular plants Millions of years ago (mya)

Fig. 29-9d Gametophyte Seta Capsule Sporophyte (a sturdy plant that takes months to grow) Polytrichum commune, hairy-cap moss

Fig. 29-9c An Anthoceros hornwort species Sporophyte Gametophyte

Fig. 29-9a Thallus Gametophore of female gametophyte Marchantia polymorpha, a “thalloid” liverwort Marchantia sporophyte (LM) Sporophyte Foot Seta Capsule (sporangium) 500 µm

Fig. 29-9b Plagiochila deltoidea, a “leafy” liverwort

Fig. 29-5c Spores Sporangium Sporophyte Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Gametophyte Sporophytes and sporangia of Sphagnum (a moss)

Fig a (a) Peat being harvested

Fig b (b) “Tollund Man,” a bog mummy

Fig Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Protonemata (n) “Bud” Male gametophyte (n) Female gametophyte (n) Gametophore Rhizoid Spores Spore dispersal Peristome Sporangium MEIOSIS Seta Capsule (sporangium) Foot Mature sporophytes Capsule with peristome (SEM) Female gametophytes 2 mm Raindrop Sperm Antheridia Egg Archegonia FERTILIZATION (within archegonium) Zygote (2n) Embryo Archegonium Young sporophyte (2n)

Fig. 29-5a Gametophyte (n) Gamete from another plant n n Mitosis Gamete FERTILIZATIONMEIOSIS Mitosis Spore n n 2n2n Zygote Mitosis Sporophyte (2n) Alternation of generations

Fig b Selaginella apoda, a spike moss 1 cm

Fig c Isoetes gunnii, a quillwort

Fig d Strobili (clusters of sporophylls) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss 2.5 cm

Fig f Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern 25 cm

Fig g Equisetum arvense, field horsetail Vegetative stem Strobilus on fertile stem 1.5 cm

Fig h 2.5 cm Psilotum nudum, a whisk fern

Fig Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Sporangium Mature sporophyte (2n) Sorus Fiddlehead Spore (n) Young gametophyte Mature gametophyte (n) Archegonium Egg Antheridium Sperm FERTILIZATION New sporophyte Gametophyte Zygote (2n)