Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. Aviation Gasoline An Engine Manufacturer’s Perspective Randy Jenson Director – Advanced Solutions Center 1 April 2009

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 2 Perspective High performance aviation engines were made possible because of the concurrent development of high performance aviation fuels –Aviation fuels are specifically designed for… »Increased engine performance »Increased reliability This is true for both piston and turbine aviation engines and fuels Increased Performance, Reliability & Safety KeroseneJet Fuel (Jet-A, JP-8) Gasoline Avgas (100 LL)

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 3 Perspective Changing fuels will be a team effort … Recognize that the final solution will require support and changes throughout the entire supply chain. Engine Mfg. Fuel Terminal Fuel Refiner End User (Pilots) FBO Airframe Mfg. ASTM CRC HardwareFuel - Today: 100 LL or Jet-A (JP-8) - Tomorrow: (?)…. Lead is out

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 4 Perspective AVGAS = Specialty Chemical “Avgas” stopped being a high volume commercial fuel in the early 1960’s

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 5 Fuels–Primary Market Drivers! AVGAS Leaded aviation fuel (100LL) will go away –Economic, political, and regulatory pressure JET FUEL US Military logistics strategy is built around a single fuel supply stream –50/50 Synthetic Blends of JP-8 –Commercial jet aviation will likely follow with synthetic blends of Jet-A

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 6 The situation in North America is dramatically different than the rest-of-world (ROW) –North America is a mature aviation market with low growth, a large installed base of piston aircraft, and availability of 100LL at nearly all FBOs –ROW is an emerging aviation market with large growth potential, a small installed base of aircraft, and limited availability of 100LL outside of developed countries Fuels–Primary Market Drivers!

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 7 Options for Piston Aviation? Refinery Mogas Jet Fuel Avgas Designed for: SI Piston Engines Local Geography Emissions Ground Transportation Designed for: Turbine Engines Global Consistency Aviation Transportation (CI Piston Engines?) Designed for: SI Piston Engines Global Consistency Aviation Transportation

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 8 Options for Piston Engines There is no “silver bullet” for the existing installed base of engines / aircraft that require 100LL –The economic impact in North America of “no supply” of 100LL or equivalent will be significant (severe?) As we develop new piston engines, we will need to anticipate the alternative synthetic and potentially “lower” performance fuels that may be available in the future. –Spark Ignition (SI) Engines - Broader cut, lower octane, synthetic or bio based unleaded gasoline –Compression Ignition (CI) Engines - Jet-A, JP-8, synthetic jet fuels

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 9 Options for Piston Engines More complex technologies will be required to maintain piston engine performance on lower performance fuels –Utilization of lower Octane fuels in SI engines will require different approaches to fuel system and detonation mitigation –Utilization of turbine fuels in CI engines will require additional constraints in the fuel specifications to control cetane or engine designs that are insensitive to cetane

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 10 Options for Piston Aviation – Jet Fuel Jet fuel specifications and production methods do not control cetane number Cetane controls the delay time for ignition in compression ignition piston engines. Fuel with low cetane numbers can impact power, starting, and reliability Fuels produced via synthetic processes appear to have a greater range of cetane numbers ExxonMobil has publicly announced its position on supplying jet fuel to aircraft with piston compression ignition engines Recent Austro Engine TC recommends 37 minimum Cetane

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 11 Piston Engines Option Matrix Fuel TypeWorld Wide Fuel Availability Overall Performance (HP/lb) Specific Fuel Consumption Composite Rating for Short Mission (< 4 hrs) Composite Rating for Long Mission (> 4 hrs) Avgas31212 Mogas12323 Jet23131 Interesting results dependent on mission duration! Paired Comparison Ranking

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 12 Lycoming Summary Perspective North America must have a universal 100LL replacement fuel –Economic impact of no equivalent to 100LL is severe »Aircraft designed around 100LL cannot be economically modified to run the proposed lower octane alkylates –Total consumption cannot justify a “multi-aviation fuel” solution –The synthesized hydrocarbon avgas fuel option should be examined closely and supported with incentives

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 13 Lycoming Summary Perspective Globally Jet Fuel could be a viable solution for newly developed compression ignition aviation piston engines if produced with a minimum level of controlled cetane –Many other challenges to resolve as it is firstly a jet fuel –Compromise choice for duration < 4 hr applications –Logical choice for duration > 4 hr applications

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 14 How is all this impacting us? On the serious side…

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 15 How is this impacting us? On the lighter side…

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 16 Lycoming Engines Recommendations 1.Aggressively pursue synthesized high octane unleaded aviation grade 100LL substitute fuel –William J Hughes FAA Technical Center testing to date of SWIFT fuel shows strong promise for this approach 2.Aggressively pursue a universal aviation fuel based on current Jet Fuel formulations –Include minimum cetane as a parameter in specification and production –Accept the tradeoff impacts to the airframe and engine capability These two items must be pursued collectively by regulatory agencies and industry

Copyright 2008, Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation. This document and the information contained therein are the property of Lycoming Engines, a Textron company. Any reproduction, disclosure or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized in writing by Lycoming Engines. 17 Questions? Avgas? Mogas? Jet-A?