1. 1 Lead Emissions from Piston-Engine Powered Aircraft: EPA Activities & Next Steps For National Tribal Forum on Air Quality Meredith Pedde May 21, 2015

2. 2 Contents of this Presentation Information on lead emissions from piston-engine aircraft –Contribution of aircraft to lead inventory –Airports and potentially exposed population –Air quality modeling results for airport lead –Lead concentrations monitored near airports OTAQ & FAA responsibilities and activities

3. Piston-engine Aircraft Personal and goods transportation, instructional flying, business, air taxi, aerial application of fertilizers & pesticides, observation, tourism 3

4. Lead: 2011 Emissions to Air, Tons Piston-engine Aircraft, 60% 4

5. Airports Servicing Piston-engine Aircraft 5 3,600 general aviation airports are significant for national transportation

6. Airports Servicing Piston-engine Aircraft on Tribal Land 6 Approximately 1000 general aviation airports are on tribal land (not all are significant for national transportation)

7. Example of Air Quality Model Results 7 Most highly impacted zone: 3-month average concentrations are above background concentrations at a distance of up to ~500 meters downwind from the runway Millions of people live in close proximity to airports There are thousands of schools and recreational areas in close proximity to airports

8. 8 Lead Concentrations at Airports Deliberative Material *This is the form of the current Pb National Ambient Air Quality Standard

9. OTAQ’s Authority and Actions The Clean Air Act gives us the authority to set emissions standards if we find that lead emissions from aircraft contribute to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health. –Developing nationwide estimates of lead concentrations near airports –Conducting a demographic analysis of people living within 500 meters of all airports Timing: –Proposed endangerment finding in 2017 followed by public notice and comment. –Final endangerment finding in 2018. 9

10. FAA Authority The Clean Air Act requires us to consider emission standards if we make a positive finding of endangerment. –FAA has regulatory authority of fuel composition for fuel that is used exclusively in aircraft. We consult with FAA on aircraft emission standards –EPA shall not change emission standards if it would significantly increase noise and adversely affect safety. –Regulation takes effect after the period of time determined necessary to permit the development and application of the requisite technology, considering cost. FAA is evaluating fuels to identify unleaded alternatives –FAA is targeting 2018 to identify certifiable unleaded replacement fuel(s) that meet safety, operability, and environmental requirements 10

11. Additional Information For more information on our aircraft lead work: www.epa.gov/otaq/aviation.htm  Inventory Technical Support Documents  Petitions on lead emissions from piston aircraft  Our ANPR, responses to petitions,  Airport lead monitoring summaries For more information on FAA’s activities: www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/avgas www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/avgas 11