1. Director, Safety & Training
The Future of Avgas
Michael Mooney
V.P. & CRO
Mark Willey
CEO
Mike France
Director, Safety & Training

2. The Future of Avgas What we will cover today…… History of Avgas
Fleet Requirements & Challenges
Proposition 65 and CEH Lawsuit
PAFI Road Map to Unleaded Avgas
Q & A

3. 80/87 100/130 80/87 100LL 100LL 100UL ? The History of Avgas 1960’s
Aviation Gasoline Grades
80/87
100/130
1960’s
.5 ml TEL/Gal
4.0 ml TEL/Gal
80/87
100LL
70’s to 90’s
2.0 ml TEL/Gal
100LL
90’s to now
Future
100UL ?

4. Unleaded Fuel – No Easy Solution
Decades of trying to find a “drop-in” solution but none found
Very technically complex problem, quality control, and performance required
Solution must be safe, reliable, and affordable
Regulatory pressure – FAA and EPA
Only one supplier of Lead worldwide
Avgas is a specialty product, less than one-tenth of 1% of auto gas
In refineries made Avgas, today only 10 (US & Canada)
Economic Risk – Expensive to find solution for a relatively small market
Not economically feasible to have more than one grade of Avgas

5. Engines – Aviation vs. Auto
Lead (TEL) is the component is Avgas that establishes the Octane.
Lead prevents fuel from pre-igniting under compression before spark plugs fire.
This is pre-ignition is called “detonation” (“knock” in auto engines).
The octane number is a measure of the fuel’s anti-knock performance.
Automobile engines – 80-90% of the time the power demand is low.
Aircraft engines are under a load all the time.

6. Aviation Fleet Fuel Requirements
70% of the fleet in numbers.
30% of the fuel consumption.
Low Compression – Many certified on 80 Octane
30% of the fleet in numbers.
70% of the fuel consumption.
High Compression – Certified on 100 Octane
170,000 Aircraft in US Fleet
230,000 Worldwide Fleet

7. Prop 65 & CEH Lawsuit 1985 Proposition 65 becomes law
May 2011 CEH issues “Notice of Violation” under Prop 65
> Seeks to ban the sale of leaded Avgas in California
June 2011 NATA forms Joint Defense Group (FBO’s & Fuel Distributors)
June 2011 Defense Group files suit against CEH (dismissed)
Oct CEH files suit against FBO’s & Fuel Distributors
Nov CEH lawsuit settled;
Terms; 1. Warning Signs & Messages
2. TEL no more than .56gr./L
3. Sell Very Low Lead (VLL) if available
4. Sell Unleaded (100UL) when available
5. Sell Mogas unless prohibited

8. What about Auto Gas aka Mogas?
Ethanol – Not allowed in Auto Gas per FAA approved STC’s.
Senate requires Ethanol to reduce CO² emissions.
No refiner will extend aviation products liability insurance to auto gas.
Hard to find non-ethanol gas is not distributed to aviation standards although priced similar to Avgas.
Does not meet the requirement of the aircraft that use 70% of the volume.
EAA and the rest of industry agree we need a solution that meets the needs of the entire fleet.

9. Unleaded Aviation Gasoline – Testing
Octane / Performance Number
Vapor Pressure
Freezing Point
Materials Compatibility
Electrical Conductivity
Emissions and Toxicity
Storage Life

10. Unleaded Fuel – No Easy Solution
Worst Case Scenarios
Fuel does not meet performance requirements. Expensive engine modifications required for new unleaded fuel. De-rating engine and/or reducing payload.
No high octane unleaded fuel passes testing. Fleet permanently grounded until a whole new class of large-displacement engines can be developed capable of generating 320 to 400 HP on diesel fuel or other unleaded, non-ethanol fuel.

11. Joint Industry/Government Partnership
Piston Aviation Fuel Initiative - PAFI
Joint industry-government partnership formed in 2010 to test and approve an unleaded avgas suitable for the existing fleet, develop a new ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specification for refining it and address the business case for deploying it into the field.
Members
AOPA – Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association
EAA – Experimental Aircraft Association
GAMA – General Aviation Manufacturers Association
NATA – National Air Transportation Association
NBAA – National Business Aircraft Association
API – American Petroleum Institute

12. Road Map to an Unleaded Avgas Future
- PAFI Formed
- Charter Signed by FAA.
- FAA opens fuel program office. $12 mil in funding approved by Senate
- FAA Solicits for New Unleaded Fuels
- FAA selects 4 of the 5 candidate fuels submitted
> Swift (2), Shell, and Total
2015 – Phase 1 Testing begins in Test rigs and lab (to be completed by Jan ‘16
2016 – Jan. Select fuels for Phase 2 Testing (maybe 3)
2016 – July – Selected fuels due at FAA Test Center
2017 – Phase 2 Testing begins (actual engine & flight testing)
Final Reports & FAA Certification. ASTM Certification

13. Unleaded Avgas
Once the PAFI Technical Evaluation Committee has determined that at least one unleaded avgas candidate meets all the performance and properties requirements, ASTM will issue a “consensus standard” for the new fuel, which can be broadly produced as a commodity. This sets the requirements and characteristics that any refiner could use to develop a competing fuel.

14. Director, Safety &Training
The Future of Avgas
Questions?
Michael Mooney
V.P. & CRO
Mark Willey
CEO
Mike France
Director, Safety &Training