Protons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom Have a positive charge Neutrons are in the nucleus (center) of the atom Are neutral; have no charge Electrons move in energy levels outside of the nucleus Have a negative charge Nucleus contains both protons and neutrons and most of the atoms mass Have a positive charge

The columns are called groups or families. Groups have similar physical and chemical properties and the same number of valence electrons

Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue.

Name the groups boxed in yellow, orange, green and blue. Alkali metals, Alkaline Earth metals, Halogens, and Noble or Inert Gases.

The rows are called periods. The period number matches the principle energy level of the element. This will be the principle energy level of the valence electrons.

What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni?

What is the principle energy level of Nickel, Ni? 4—it is in the row numbered 4

Using the SOL Periodic Table Click on the link to get the SOL periodic tableSOL periodic table Keep this Adobe file open as you work on the review Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 16 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons. What is the molar mass of Silicon? Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons. What is the molar mass of Silicon? grams/mole (this is the same as the atomic mass on the periodic table) Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons. What is the molar mass of Silicon? grams/mole (this is the same as the atomic mass on the periodic table) How many valence electrons does Silicon have? Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Using the SOL Periodic Table Let’s use the periodic table to answer some questions about Silicon. How many protons does Silicon have? 14 protons = atomic number. How many electrons does neutral Silicon have? 14 electrons (# electrons = # protons in neutral atoms) How many neutrons does Silicon-30 have? 30 neutrons. Silicon-30 is an isotope of Silicon. It has a mass number of 30. The mass number is protons + neutrons. What is the molar mass of Silicon? grams/mole (this is the same as the atomic mass on the periodic table) How many valence electrons does Silicon have? 4 valence electrons. Look for electrons in the highest principle energy level. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

An s orbital holds 2 electrons w/ opposite spins

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Each p orbital holds 2e- with opposite spins

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Each d orbital holds 2e- with opposite spins

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure The s suborbital fills The orbitals and the periodic table

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure The p suborbitals fill The orbitals and the periodic table

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure The d suborbitals fill The orbitals and the periodic table

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Valence electron configuration and the periodic table All group 13 elements have the valance electron configuration ns 2 np 1.and 3 valence electrons

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Valence electron configuration and the periodic table All group 15 elements have the valance electron configuration ns 2 np 3.and 5 valance electrons.

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Valence electron configuration and the periodic table What is the valence configuration of the halogens?

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Valence electron configuration and the periodic table What is the valence configuration of the halogens? ns 2 np 5.

Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Atomic Radius: the radius of an atom in picometers First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom. Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another element.

Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Atomic Radius: the radius of an atom in picometers

Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom. Ionization energy increases as you move to higher number groups. Group 18 has the highest 1 st ionization energy. Ionization energy decreases as you move down the periodic table.

Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure First Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove the first valence electron from a gaseous atom.

Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electronegativity. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another element. The halogen group has the highest electronegativity of the families. The first period has the highest electronegativity. Noble gases do not have electronegativity as the valence shell is already full.

Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration Cations form by losing valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns 2 np 6 )

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration Cations form by losing valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns 2 np 6 ) So Li loses the 2s 1 electron to form Li +1. Mg loses both 3s 2 electrons to form Mg +2 Al loses three electrons from 3s 2 3p 1 to form Al +3

Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Anions, Cations, and Electron Configuration Anions form by gaining valance electrons to take on a noble gas configuration (ns 2 np 6 ) So F becomes F 1- by gaining a 2p electron to have the new valance configuration 2s 2 2p 6. S becomes S 2- by gaining two 2p electrons to have the new valance configuration 3s 2 3p 6. N becomes N 3- by gaining three 2p electrons to have the new valance configuration 2s 2 2p 6.

12 6 C 13 6 C 14 6 C Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Carbon-14 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons

12 6 C 13 6 C 14 6 C Isotopes: elements with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons

12 6 C 13 6 C 14 6 C Isotopes: elements with the same mass, the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure You figure out the average atomic mass of a compound by using a weighted average of the mass number for each isotope. Example: a sample contains 10% C-13, 60% C-12 and 40% C-14. The average atomic mass is (0.10 x 13) + (0.60 x 12) + (0.30 x 14) = 12.7

Radioactivity Radioactivity: Spontaneous changes in a nucleus accompanied by the emission of energy from the nucleus as a radiation. Radioactivity: Spontaneous changes in a nucleus accompanied by the emission of energy from the nucleus as a radiation. Radioactive Half-Life: A period of time in which half the nuclei of a species of radioactive substance would decay. Radioactive Half-Life: A period of time in which half the nuclei of a species of radioactive substance would decay.

Alpha radiation Alpha radiation Alpha radiation is the least penetrating. It can be stopped - or absorbed - by just a sheet of paper. Beta radiation Beta radiation Beta radiation can penetrate air and paper. It can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum. Gamma radiation Gamma radiation Gamma radiation is the most penetrating. Even small levels can penetrate air, paper or thin metal. Higher levels can only be stopped by many centimeters of lead or many meters of concrete.

Development of the Atomic Model Thompson Model Thompson Model Thompson Model Thompson Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment and Model Bohr Model Bohr Model Bohr Model Bohr Model Quantum-Mechanical Model Quantum-Mechanical Model Quantum-Mechanical Model Quantum-Mechanical Model Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure The problems of language here are really serious. We wish to speak in some way about the structure of the atoms. But we cannot speak about atoms in ordinary language. Heisenberg

Thompson Model The atom is a positively charged diffuse mass with negatively charged electrons stuck in it. The atom is a positively charged diffuse mass with negatively charged electrons stuck in it. From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Rutherford Model The atom is made of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons at a distance, the vast majority of the volume of the atom is empty space. The atom is made of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons at a distance, the vast majority of the volume of the atom is empty space. Alpha particles shot at a thin sheet of gold foil: most go through (empty space). Some deflect or bounce off (small + charged nucleus). From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Bohr Model Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy levels (shells). Atomic bright-line spectra was the clue. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in energy levels (shells). Atomic bright-line spectra was the clue. From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure

Quantum-Mechanical Model Electron energy levels are wave functions. Electron energy levels are wave functions. Electrons are found in orbitals, regions of space where an electron is most likely to be found. Electrons are found in orbitals, regions of space where an electron is most likely to be found. You can’t know both where the electron is and where it is going at the same time. You can’t know both where the electron is and where it is going at the same time. Electrons buzz around the nucleus like gnats buzzing around your head. Electrons buzz around the nucleus like gnats buzzing around your head. From Mark Rosengarten’s New York Regent’s Powerpoint Chemistry SOL Review—Atomic Structure