2. Periodic Table Terms

3. Element Forms ATOM is a neutral element like Ca or Cl An ION is a charged element like Ca +2 or Cl -1 An atom is the isolated form when the p+ and e- are equal; whereas to bond with other elements they will often gain or lose electrons to form ions like when forming CaCl 2

4. Why do ions form? Taking away an electron from an atom gives a CATION with a positive chargeTaking away an electron from an atom gives a CATION with a positive charge Adding an electron to an atom gives an ANION with a negative charge.Adding an electron to an atom gives an ANION with a negative charge. To tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to see if there is a charge in the superscript! Examples: Na + Ca +2 I - O -2 are ionsTo tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to see if there is a charge in the superscript! Examples: Na + Ca +2 I - O -2 are ions Na Ca I O are atoms Na Ca I O are atoms Atoms exchange electrons in order to bond to form compounds. All atoms want to achieve 8 outer shell (valence) electrons. This is called the “OCTET RULE” or “RULE OF EIGHT”

5. Charges on Common Ions charges are also called “oxidation states” -2-3 +1 +2 By losing or gaining e-, atom has same number of e-’s as nearest Group 8A atom.

6. PREDICTING ION CHARGES In general metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cationsmetals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations Nonmetals (F) gain electrons  anionsNonmetals (F) gain electrons  anions

7. Ion Practice State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these ions. 39 K + 16 O -241 Ca +2 198 20 #p + 19 8 20 #n o 20 8 21 #e - 18 10 18

8. Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 Protons 6 6 6 6 7 8 Neutrons Mass # 12 13 14 Atoms with same atomic number (number of protons), but with different masses (due to different number of neutrons) 12-6 = 6 13-6 = 714-6 = 8

9. Lithium Isotopes Li-6 is the chemical symbol for Lithium with a mass number of 6 amu. (this is 3 protons plus 3 neutrons in nucleus. Li-7 has 3 protons and 4 neutrons in nucleus and a mass of 7 amu. The atomic mass (or average weight) of Lithium is 6.941 on the per table. Therefore which isotope is most abundant in nature? Are those isotopes that are radioactive this means they are unstable (like C-14) and decay into different element overtime by emitting radioactive particles Radioisotopes

10. Isotopes Lithium-8 Lithium-9 Lithium-11 Protons 3 3 3 5 6 8 Neutrons Mass # 8 9 11 8 - 3 = 5 9 - 3 = 611 – 3 = 8

11. Special Family Names on the Periodic Table Alkali Metals = hot orangeSemimetals/Metalloids = pink Alkaline Earth Metals = Faded BlueHalogens = Yellow Transition Metals = IndigoNoble Gases = Pumpkin Orange Other Metals = Baby BlueOther Nonmetals = Green

12. Why is the Period Table arranged the way it is? The 7 rows that go across on the period table are known as the PERIODS. Each period represents addition of a new energy level (or electron shell) A GROUP (or FAMILY) is a vertical columns on the periodic table Families share similar traits and reactivities just as human families do.

13. Special Family Names All families can be named according to their top element (like H family, Be family, B family, C family, N family, O family, etc) yet some have special names as well. Alkali Metals (family IA): 1 valence electron, forms +1 ions, very reactive metals, always found as a compound (bonded) in nature, most reactive metal is Fr Alkali Earth Metals (family IIA): 2 valence electrons, forms +2 ions, not as reactive Halogens (family VIIA): 7 valence electrons, forms -1 ions, most reactive nonmetals, form diatomic elements F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 Noble Gases (family VIIIA): 8 valence electrons, never forms ions because they have a full 8 electrons in outer shell already, nonreactive (inert) elements