Community-acquired bacterial infections
The most frequent etiologic agents of bacterial tonsillitis and tonsillopharyngitis are Streptococcus pyogenes strains (80-90 %).
Initial antibiotic therapy of bacterial tonsillitis and tonsillopharyngitis Antibiotics of I. choice Antibiotics of I. choice – penicillin (3-4 x daily) – macrolides (in patients with allergy to penicillins)
Etiology and treatment of peritonsillar and tonsillar abscess Etiology: – Streptococcus pyogenes – anaerobic microbes (Peptostreptococcus sp.) ATB of I. choice: – penicillin Alternative ATB: – clindamycin
Pneumonia – typical – atypical Pneumonia – community-acquired – hospital-acquired (nosocomial)
Etiology of pneumonia – typical pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae other
Etiology of pneumonia atypical pneumonia Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila others
According the data from olomouc region it is possible to make a conclusion: typical pneumonias form about 65 % atypical pneumonias form about 35 % – chlamydia pneumonias 24 % – mycoplasma pneumonias 11 %
Etiology of pneumonia in children Haemophilus influenzae Mycoplasma pneumoniae (mainly in children 5 years old and older) Streptococcus pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae
According the data from olomouc region it is possible to make a conclusion (etiology of pneumonia in children): – Haemophilus influenzae36 % – Mycoplasma pneumoniae 25 % – Klebsiella pneumoniae14 % – Streptococcus pneumoniae 11 % – others 14 %
Initial antibiotic therapy of community-acquired pneumonia Drug of I. choice Drug of I. choice – amoxicillin Alternative antibiotics Alternative antibiotics – macrolides (e.g. clarithromycin, azithromycin) – doxycycline (in adults and children older than 12 years)
Etiology and treatment of otitis media acuta Etiology: – Streptococcus pneumoniae – Haemophilus influenzae – Moraxella (B) catarrhalis Antibiotic of I. choice: – amoxicillin Alternative antibiotic: – amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – ampicillin/sulbactam – cephalosporins II. gen. (cefuroxime, cefprozil) – in patients with allergy to penicilllins - macrolides
Etiology and treatment of otitis media chronica Etiology: – gram-negative rods (Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) – Staphylococcus aureus – anaerobic microbes ATB of I. choice: – fluorochinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) Alernative ATB: – gentamicin – ceftazidime – gentamicin+ceftazidime
Etiology and treatment of sinusitis acuta Etiology: – Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae – Moraxella (B) catarrhalis Antibiotic of I. choice: – amoxicillin Alternative antibiotic: – amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – ampicillin/sulbactam – cephalosporins II. gen. (cefuroxime, cefprozil) – in patients with allergy to penicilllins - macrolides
Etiology and treatment of epiglottitis Etiology: – Haemophilus influenzae type b ATB of I. choice: – cephalosporins of III. generation – ampicillin – amoxicilin/clavulanic acid – ampicillin/sulbactam – cefuroxime Alternative ATB: – chloramfenikol (in case of allergy to penicillins)
Etiology of community-acquired urinary tract infections Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus agalactiae others
Initial antibiotic therapy of community- acquired urinary tract infections Drug of I. choice Drug of I. choice – nitrofurantoin, cotrimoxazol, trimethoprim, amoxicillin, oxolinic acid Alternative antibiotics Alternative antibiotics – amoxicillin/clavulanic acid – ampicillin/sulbactam – cephalosporins II. gen. (cefuroxime, cefprozil)
Hospital-acquired bacterial infections
Therapy in early-onset hospital-acquired pneumonia ampicillin/sulbactam or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid event. + gentamicin
Therapy in late-onset hospital-acquired pneumonia carbapenem (imipenem, meropenem) or piperacillin-tazobactam event. + aminoglycoside
Etiologic agents of HAP in ICUs (University Hospital Olomouc)