2. Cephalosporins B-Lactam antibiotics ( similar to penicillins) Broad spectrum Act by inhibition of cell wall synthesis Bactericidal Inactive against : enterococci, MRSA, legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydia spp. Widely used in surgical procedures to reduce the risk of post operative infections

4. Classifications of cephalosporins FIRST GENERATION Cephalexin, po Cephalexin, po Cefazolin Cefazolin Cephalothin Cephalothin Cephradine, po Cephradine, po Active against G+ cocci ( except.enterococci & MRSA ): s.pneumoniae, s.pyogenes,s. aureus, s. epidermidis s.pneumoniae, s.pyogenes,s. aureus, s. epidermidis Indicated for streptococcal pharyngitis ( e.g. cephalexin) Commonly used ( eg. Cefazolin) as prophylacic for surgical procedures. Modest activity against G- bacteria

5. SECOND GENERATION Cefoxitin ( mefoxin ) Cefuroxime ( zinacef ) Cef. axetil ( zinnat ) Cefaclor ( ceclor ) Cefprozil ( cefzil ) Mainly effective against G- bacteria Modest activity against G+ bacteria Cefoxitin active against bowel anaerobes (B. fragilis ) Cefuroxim active against H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae Cef. Axetil- oral form of cefuroxim Cefaclor active against H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis &E.coli Cefprozil- similar to cefaclor, c. axetil and augmentin- Liked by children Second Generations are used primarily for URTIs ( acute otitis media, sinusitis ) and Lower RTIs ( acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis)

6. THIRD GENERATION Ceftriaxone ( rocephin ) Cefotaxime ( claforan ) Cetazidime ( fortum ) Cefoperazone ( cefobid ) Cefixime ( suprax ) They have enhanced G- activity, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, N.gonorrhea, P. aeruginosae, M. catarrhalis, E.coli, most Klebsiella Ceftriaxone has long half-life. Not advised in neonates (interferes with bilirubin metabolism ) Cefotaxime preferred in neonate ( does not interfere with bilirubin metabolism ), as may ceftriaxone. Ceftazidime & cefoperazone have excellent activity against p. aeruginosae. Cefixime has similar activity to amoxicillin & cefaclor for actute otitis media

7. Fourth Generation Cefipime Active against G+ bacteria than cefazolin against s. pyogenes, s.pneumoniae but lower against s. aureus. Similar to cefotaxime against E.coli & K. pneumoniae but for p. aeruginosa.

8. Pharmacokinetics Cephalosporins are given parenterally and orally. Extent of binding to plasma protein vary from one to another. e.g. Cefazolin is 80% protein bound ( hence, long t1/2 ) e.g. Cefazolin is 80% protein bound ( hence, long t1/2 ) Cephalexin is 10-15% protein bound Cephalexin is 10-15% protein bound Relatively lipid insoluble ( like penicillins ) Hence,do not penetrate cells or the CNS, except for third generations. Mostly excreted unchanged by the kidney (glomerular & tubular secretion ), except, ceftazidime & cefoperazone( glomerular) Probenecid slows their elimination and prolong their half-live ( except Ceftazidime & cefoperazone) Half-life 30-90 min; ceftriaxone 4-7 hr

9. Therapeutic uses 1. Alternative to penicillin in allergic patients 2. Upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media cefaclor cefuroxime axetil cefaclor cefuroxime axetil cefixime cefprozil cefixime cefprozil 3. Septicaemia caused by G- bacteria ( P.aeruginosae) A penicillin(eg.Piperacillin/ Ticarcillin) +aminoglycoside A penicillin(eg.Piperacillin/ Ticarcillin) +aminoglycoside OR OR A cephalosporin(eg. ceftazidime ) + AG A cephalosporin(eg. ceftazidime ) + AG 4. Urinary tract infections Cefuroxime, Cefixime Cefuroxime, Cefixime. 5. Prophlaxis in surgery Appendectomy ( bowel anaerobes ) eg. Cefoxitin Appendectomy ( bowel anaerobes ) eg. Cefoxitin Obstetrical &gynecological, urological, orthopedic procedures, etc Obstetrical &gynecological, urological, orthopedic procedures, etc ( S. aureus & S. epidermidis ) eg. Cefazoline ( S. aureus & S. epidermidis ) eg. Cefazoline 6. Meningitis- N. Meningitidis Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone Cefotaxime( pref. in neonate) Cefotaxime( pref. in neonate) 7. Gonococcal infections Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone

10. Adverse effects 1. Hypersensitivity reactions- most common Anaphylaxis, bronchspasm, urticaria Anaphylaxis, bronchspasm, urticaria Maculopapular rash- more common Maculopapular rash- more common 2. Nephrotoxicity ; esp. cephradine 3. Thrombophlebitis ( i.v admin. ) 4. Superinfections 5. Diarrhea-oral cephalosporins, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone & moxalactam. 6. cefamandole, moxalactam & cefoperazone may cause: a) bleeding disorders a) bleeding disorders b) Flushing, tachycardia, vomiting with alcohol intake b) Flushing, tachycardia, vomiting with alcohol intake