Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 6 th Edition Chapter 8: Particulate Matter Compiled by Allen Sullivan, Assistant Professor, Safety and Health Management Central Washington University

Introduction Background historical notes route of entry labeling nuisance dusts PNOC PNOR nanoparticles pneumoconiosis

Basic Concepts and Examples Particle Deposition Mechanisms inertial impaction interception sedimentation electrostatic attraction diffusion Brownian movement

Particle Filtration Mechanisms Filter Types HEPA ULPA Electret (thermal rebound effect)

Particle Size Distributions particle cloud particle size monodisperse polydisperse particle concentration particle count particle mass particle surface area

Determining Acceptable Exposure Critical Factors chemical composition isotopic composition crystalline structure shape of particle size of particle aerodynamic equivalent diameter dose exposure limits references time bases

Determining Acceptable Exposure (cont.) Critical Factors (cont.) pre-existing health/genetics concurrent exposure non-interactive additive synergistic

Biological Reactions sensory irritation rapid, shallow breathing lung edema acute/chronic bronchitis allergic sensitization fibrosis emphysema systemic toxicity lymphatic toxicity oncogenesis infection metal fume fever

Engineered Nanoparticles four characteristics chemical and physical behavior crossing anatomical barriers 1 mg of particles of 1 nm 3 has the same surface area as 1 kg of particles of 1 mm 3 Various forms of nano zinc oxide.

Sampling Particulate Matter air samples surface samples biological samples Types of Air Samples breathing zone sampling general air sampling Analysis of PM Samples microscopic counting respirable mass fraction

Specific PM Sampling Dual-Phase Monitoring Microbial Radon

Specific PM Sampling (cont.) Diesel Particulate Matter Engineered Nanoparticles Isokinetic Sampling

Specific PM Sampling (cont.) Surface Sampling dry swipe wet swipe vacuum collection lift tape direct-read instruments

Analysis of Air Samples Metals spectroscopic analysis Free-Crystalline Silica infrared spectrophotometry powder x-ray diffraction

Analysis of Air Samples (cont.) Asbestos issues non-specific resolution fiber counting fiber size

Analysis of Air Samples (cont.) Radioactive Particles scintillator Geiger-Mueller tube liquid scintillation Gravimetric Analysis methodology

Analysis of Air Samples (cont.) Microorganisms viability lack of specificity Organic Particles gas chromotography

Direct-Read Particle Detectors sample collection device + sample analysis device condensation nuclei counters