1 Introduction to INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE OTI 501 Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health Hazards for General Industry

2 Industrial Hygiene u“that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, that may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers”

3 History uCirca 400 BC –lead toxicity in mining (Hippocrates) u500 years later –Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar –zinc and sulfur hazards –protective mask

4 History u2nd Century AD –Galen copper miners exposure to acid mists u1473 –Ulrich Ellenbog publication n occupational illness in gold miners

5 History u1556 – Agricola, German scholar diseases of coal miners preventive measures publication - De Re Metallica u1700’s –Bernardino Ramazzini father of industrial hygiene

6 OSH Act of 1970 u The purpose of the OSH Act is to “assure so far as possible every working, man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.”

7 Environmental Factors or Stresses uChemical hazards –gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and smoke uPhysical hazards –non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, extreme temperatures and pressures

8 Environmental Factors or Stresses uErgonomic hazards –workstation design, repetitive motion, improper lifting/reaching, poor visual conditions uBiological hazards –insects, mold, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and viruses

9 Routes of Entry uInhalation –airborne contaminants uAbsorption –penetration through the skin uIngestion –eating –drinking

10 OSHA Hierarchy of Control ÊEngineering controls ËWork practice controls ÌAdministrative controls ÍPersonal protective equipment (PPE)

11 Types of Exposure uAcute –Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms uChronic –Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms

12 Types of Air Contaminants uParticulates –dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers –non respirable particles > 10  m in diameter –respirable particles < 10  m in diameter

13 Types of Air Contaminants uFumes –volatilized solids condenses in cool air < 1.0  m in diameter –hot vapor + air (reaction with) = oxide uMists –suspended solid droplets –generated by a condensation of liquids from a vapors to a liquid state

14 Types of Air Contaminants uFibers –solid, slender, elongated structures –length several times the diameter uGases –formless fluids that expand to occupy a space arc-welding, internal combustion engine exhaust air u Vapors –liquid changed to vapor organic solvents

15 Units of Concentration uppm –parts per million umg/m 3 –milligrams per cubic meter umppcf –millions or a particle per cubic foot uf/cc –fibers per cubic centimeter

16 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants uOSHA –Occupational Safety and Health Administration uNIOSH –National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health uACGIH –American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

17 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants uOSHA –PEL permissible exposure limit uNIOSH –REL recommended exposure level uACGIH –TLV threshold limit value

18 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants uOSHA –PEL, STEL, Ceiling uNIOSH –TWA, STEL, Ceiling uACGIH –TWA, STEL, Ceiling

19 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants uTWA –takes into account variable exposure through a full shift, 8 hour work day uSTEL –limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes uCEILING –absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded

20 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants uLegally enforceable –OSHA PEL –OSHA AL (action level)

21 Air Contaminants u29 CFR –Table Z-1 Substances with Limits Preceded by “C” - Ceiling Values –Table Z-2 employee’s exposure to Table Z-1 contaminants shall not exceed exposure limits listed in Z-2 (TWA and ceiling concentrations) –Table Z-3 Mineral Dusts

22 Hearing Conservation u2.9 million workers experience 8-hours noise exposures > 90 bBA u29 CFR –PEL 90 dBA 8 hours engineering and administrative controls

23 Hearing Conservation Program uMandatory –at an 8-hour TWA > 85 dBA uExposure monitoring uAudiometric testing uHearing protection uEmployee training uRecordkeeping

24 Hearing Conservation Program uAn effective program depends upon –employers –supervisors –employees –others

25 Bloodborne Pathogens uBloodborne pathogens include –Hepatitis B –HIV –Others u29 CFR –describes actions employers must take to reduce risk of exposure in the workplace

26 Bloodborne Pathogens u29 CFR –Scope and application all employees with occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) –Exposure control plan (ECP)

27 Bloodborne Pathogens u29 CFR ECP –engineering and work practice controls –personal protective equipment –training –medical surveillance –Hepatitis B vaccinations –signs and labels –other provisions

28 Industrial Hygiene u ANTICIPATION u RECOGNITION u EVALUTION u CONTROL