1. Introduction to INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
OTI 501
Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health Hazards for General Industry

2. Industrial Hygiene
“that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, that may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers”

3. History Circa 400 BC 500 years later
lead toxicity in mining (Hippocrates)
500 years later
Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar
zinc and sulfur hazards
protective mask

4. History 2nd Century AD 1473 Galen Ulrich Ellenbog
copper miners exposure to acid mists
1473
Ulrich Ellenbog
publication n occupational illness in gold miners

5. History 1556 1700’s Agricola, German scholar Bernardino Ramazzini
diseases of coal miners
preventive measures
publication - De Re Metallica
1700’s
Bernardino Ramazzini
father of industrial hygiene

6. OSH Act of 1970 The purpose of the OSH Act is to
“assure so far as possible every working,
man and woman in the nation safe and
healthful working conditions and to
preserve our human resources.”

7. Environmental Factors or Stresses
Chemical hazards
gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and smoke
Physical hazards
non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, extreme temperatures and pressures

8. Environmental Factors or Stresses
Ergonomic hazards
workstation design, repetitive motion, improper lifting/reaching, poor visual conditions
Biological hazards
insects, mold, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and viruses

9. Routes of Entry Inhalation Absorption Ingestion airborne contaminants
penetration through the skin
Ingestion
eating
drinking

10. OSHA Hierarchy of Control
Engineering controls
Work practice controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment (PPE)

11. Types of Exposure Acute Chronic
Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms
Chronic
Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms

12. Types of Air Contaminants
Particulates
dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers
non respirable particles
> 10 m in diameter
respirable particles
< 10 m in diameter

13. Types of Air Contaminants
Fumes
volatilized solids condenses in cool air
< 1.0 m in diameter
hot vapor + air (reaction with) = oxide
Mists
suspended solid droplets
generated by a condensation of liquids from a vapors to a liquid state

14. Types of Air Contaminants
Fibers
solid, slender, elongated structures
length several times the diameter
Gases
formless fluids that expand to occupy a space
arc-welding, internal combustion engine exhaust air
Vapors
liquid changed to vapor
organic solvents

15. Units of Concentration
ppm
parts per million
mg/m3
milligrams per cubic meter
mppcf
millions or a particle per cubic foot
f/cc
fibers per cubic centimeter

16. Exposure Limits Air Contaminants
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
NIOSH
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

17. Exposure Limits Air Contaminants
OSHA
PEL
permissible exposure limit
NIOSH
REL
recommended exposure level
ACGIH
TLV
threshold limit value

18. Exposure Limits Air Contaminants
OSHA
PEL, STEL, Ceiling
NIOSH
TWA, STEL, Ceiling
ACGIH

19. Exposure Limits Air Contaminants
TWA
takes into account variable exposure through a full shift, 8 hour work day
STEL
limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes
CEILING
absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded

20. Exposure Limits Air Contaminants
Legally enforceable
OSHA PEL
OSHA AL (action level)

21. Air Contaminants 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1 Table Z-2 Table Z-3
Substances with Limits Preceded by “C” - Ceiling Values
Table Z-2
employee’s exposure to Table Z-1 contaminants shall not exceed exposure limits listed in Z-2 (TWA and ceiling concentrations)
Table Z-3
Mineral Dusts

22. Hearing Conservation
2.9 million workers experience 8-hours noise exposures > 90 bBA
29 CFR
PEL
90 dBA
8 hours
engineering and administrative controls

23. Hearing Conservation Program
Mandatory
at an 8-hour TWA > 85 dBA
Exposure monitoring
Audiometric testing
Hearing protection
Employee training
Recordkeeping

24. Hearing Conservation Program
An effective program depends upon
employers
supervisors
employees
others

25. Bloodborne Pathogens Bloodborne pathogens include 29 CFR 1910.1030
Hepatitis B
HIV
Others
29 CFR
describes actions employers must take to reduce risk of exposure in the workplace

26. Bloodborne Pathogens 29 CFR 1910.1030 Scope and application
all employees with occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM)
Exposure control plan (ECP)

27. Bloodborne Pathogens 29 CFR 1910.1030 - ECP
engineering and work practice controls
personal protective equipment
training
medical surveillance
Hepatitis B vaccinations
signs and labels
other provisions

28. Industrial Hygiene
ANTICIPATION
RECOGNITION
EVALUTION
CONTROL