Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge

California Academic Standards: California Academic Standards: Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II..2 Understand the role of military alliances, including NATO and SEATO, in deterring communist aggression and maintaining security during the Cold War..2 Understand the role of military alliances, including NATO and SEATO, in deterring communist aggression and maintaining security during the Cold War.

Objectives: Objectives: Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to: 1. Explain the policy of brinkmanship. 2. Describe American and Soviet actions that caused the Cold War to spread around the world. 3. Summarize the impact of Sputnik and the U-2 incident on the United States.

Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy Soviets explode their own atom bomb in 1949, their weaponry is equal to ours Soviets explode their own atom bomb in 1949, their weaponry is equal to ours

Race for the H-Bomb Race for the H-Bomb Differences in bombs Differences in bombs Atomic Bomb Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Destroyed entire cities Destroyed entire cities

Hydrogen Bomb Hydrogen Bomb 1 million tons of TNT 67 times more powerful than atom bomb. 1 million tons of TNT 67 times more powerful than atom bomb. Race to see which country could develop bomb first. Race to see which country could develop bomb first. November 1, 1952, U.S. wins, exploding the first H-bomb November 1, 1952, U.S. wins, exploding the first H-bomb

9 months later USSR explodes their first. 9 months later USSR explodes their first. The Policy of Brinkmanship The Policy of Brinkmanship In the process of development, Eisenhower becomes President. In the process of development, Eisenhower becomes President. John Foster Dulles is named as his Secretary of War. John Foster Dulles is named as his Secretary of War.

Dulles proposes to use all force including nuclear weapons to contain the spread of Communism. Dulles proposes to use all force including nuclear weapons to contain the spread of Communism. Brinkmanship- Willingness to go to war against any aggressor nation. Brinkmanship- Willingness to go to war against any aggressor nation. Under this policy, more focus on air force to fly and deliver bombs. Under this policy, more focus on air force to fly and deliver bombs.

The Cold War Spreads Around the World The Cold War Spreads Around the World Reliance on CIA, spies to gather information from areas outside U.S. Reliance on CIA, spies to gather information from areas outside U.S. CIA: covert (secret) operations carried out to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S. CIA: covert (secret) operations carried out to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.

Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America 1951, Iran’s Prime Minister Mossadegh seized control of Iranian oil fields owned by Britain. 1951, Iran’s Prime Minister Mossadegh seized control of Iranian oil fields owned by Britain. Britain stopped buying Iranian oil. Britain stopped buying Iranian oil.

Iran’s economy failed. Iran’s economy failed. U.S. worried Mossadegh would seek assistance from USSR U.S. worried Mossadegh would seek assistance from USSR 1953, gave several million $$$ to anti-Mossadegh supporters and wanted the Shah to return to power. 1953, gave several million $$$ to anti-Mossadegh supporters and wanted the Shah to return to power.

Shah returned to power and turned over control of Iranian oil to western powers. Shah returned to power and turned over control of Iranian oil to western powers.

In Latin America, CIA trained an Army in Guatemala, invaded and took over, because the president seemd to have communist sympathies as he seized 200,000 acres of American-owned land and gave it to the peasants. In Latin America, CIA trained an Army in Guatemala, invaded and took over, because the president seemd to have communist sympathies as he seized 200,000 acres of American-owned land and gave it to the peasants.

The Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact Tensions seized between U.S. and USSR in 1953 after death of Stalin Tensions seized between U.S. and USSR in 1953 after death of Stalin West Germany allowed to rearm and join NATO in West Germany allowed to rearm and join NATO in USSR worried so they form Warsaw Pact, with 7 of the 11 satellite nations. USSR worried so they form Warsaw Pact, with 7 of the 11 satellite nations.

The Geneva Summit The Geneva Summit Eisenhower proposes “open skies” between U.S. and USSR to guard against surprise nuclear attacks. Eisenhower proposes “open skies” between U.S. and USSR to guard against surprise nuclear attacks. USSR rejected proposal but it was a move toward peace. USSR rejected proposal but it was a move toward peace.

The Suez War The Suez War Egypt playing U.S. and USSR against each other for aid in building a dam at Aswan on the Nile. Egypt playing U.S. and USSR against each other for aid in building a dam at Aswan on the Nile. We pulled our loan offer and upset Egypt’s leader, Nasser. We pulled our loan offer and upset Egypt’s leader, Nasser.

He nationalized the Suez Canal, that was owned by France and Britain and refuse to allow ships bound for Israel to pass. He nationalized the Suez Canal, that was owned by France and Britain and refuse to allow ships bound for Israel to pass. The UN stepped in and Egypt kept control of the canal. The UN stepped in and Egypt kept control of the canal.

The Eisenhower Doctrine The Eisenhower Doctrine USSR prestige in Middle East rose because they supported Egypt. USSR prestige in Middle East rose because they supported Egypt. Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. to defend Middle East against an attack by any communist nation. Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. to defend Middle East against an attack by any communist nation.

The Hungarian Uprising The Hungarian Uprising 1956 Hungarians revolt for democratic government from USSR Hungarians revolt for democratic government from USSR. Imre Nagy, popular communist leader, promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact, and demanded USSR troops leave Hungary. Imre Nagy, popular communist leader, promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact, and demanded USSR troops leave Hungary.

USSR crushes resistance, Truman Doctrine not implemented, Hungarians disappointed USSR crushes resistance, Truman Doctrine not implemented, Hungarians disappointed The Cold War Takes to the Skies The Cold War Takes to the Skies Nikita Khruschev eventually came to power after Stalin’s death. Nikita Khruschev eventually came to power after Stalin’s death.

Khruschev favored a peaceful economical and scientific competition. Khruschev favored a peaceful economical and scientific competition. The Space Race The Space Race USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial satellite USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial satellite U.S. launches satellite after first attempt a complete failure U.S. launches satellite after first attempt a complete failure.

U-2 Spy Plane Shot down U-2 Spy Plane Shot down Even though “Open Skies” was rejected by USSR, the CIA began making secret high-altitude flights over soviet territory with the U-2 spy plane equipped with infrared cameras to photo troop movement and missile sites. Even though “Open Skies” was rejected by USSR, the CIA began making secret high-altitude flights over soviet territory with the U-2 spy plane equipped with infrared cameras to photo troop movement and missile sites.

Eisenhower wants to end flights, Dulles convinces one more flight. Eisenhower wants to end flights, Dulles convinces one more flight. Last flight, piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down. Last flight, piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down. Renewed Confrontation Renewed Confrontation The U-2 incident angered the USSR and tensions between the two super powers were heated up once again. The U-2 incident angered the USSR and tensions between the two super powers were heated up once again.

Two Nations Live on the Edge Two Nations Live on the Edge During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war. During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war. Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy Race for the H-Bomb Race for the H-Bomb ·H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb ·H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb ·1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one ·1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one The Policy of Brinkmanship The Policy of Brinkmanship ·John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower ·John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower ·Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: ·Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: ··willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism ··willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism ·Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares ·Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares The Cold War Spreads Around the World The Cold War Spreads Around the World Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America ·Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information ·Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information ·CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate Shah ·CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate Shah ·CIA helps depose Guatemala’s president; army leader becomes dictator ·CIA helps depose Guatemala’s president; army leader becomes dictator The Warsaw Pact [Visual] The Warsaw Pact [Visual] ·U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalin’s death in 1953 ·U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalin’s death in 1953 ·West Germany’s entry into NATO scares Soviets ·West Germany’s entry into NATO scares Soviets ·Form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries ·Form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries A Summit in Geneva A Summit in Geneva ·Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes “open skies” policy ·Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes “open skies” policy ·Soviets reject proposal; “spirit of Geneva” seen as step to peace ·Soviets reject proposal; “spirit of Geneva” seen as step to peace The Suez War The Suez War ·Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets over Aswan Dam ·Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets over Aswan Dam ·Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal ·Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal ·Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes ·Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes ·Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw ·Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw The Eisenhower Doctrine The Eisenhower Doctrine ·Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt ·Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt ·Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend Middle East against communists ·Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend Middle East against communists The Hungarian Uprising [Visual] The Hungarian Uprising [Visual] ·1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic government ·1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic government ·Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government, promises elections ·Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government, promises elections ·Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow Nagy ·Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow Nagy ·U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto action by UN ·U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto action by UN The Cold War Takes to the Skies The Cold War Takes to the Skies A New Soviet Leader A New Soviet Leader ·Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors: ·Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors: ··peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition ··peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition The Space Race [Visual] The Space Race [Visual] ·October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite ·October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite ·Shocked Americans pour money into own space program ·Shocked Americans pour money into own space program A U-2 Is Shot Down A U-2 Is Shot Down ·CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets ·CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets ·Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit ·Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit ·Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight over Soviet territory ·Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight over Soviet territory Renewed Confrontation Renewed Confrontation ·Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying ·Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying ·Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as Khrushchev demands ·Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as Khrushchev demands ·U-2 incident renews tension between superpowers; summit cancelled ·U-2 incident renews tension between superpowers; summit cancelled