Homework #1 due 2/7 Bonus #1 due 2/28

CB 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

CB 5.25 Genes contain the information to make RNA and/or proteins. The information in genes is what to make and when to make it. Protein

What makes us who we are?

Imprinting: exposure to movement sets “mother”

Human Chromosomes

X/Y chromosomes in humans: genes = traits

What makes us who we are? Nature and Nurture

Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits, but there are some caveats.

Correlation of weight (BMI)% Biological siblings34 Parents and children living together26 Identical twins reared together80 Fraternal twins reared together43 Identical twins reared apart72 Adopted children and parents 4 Unrelated children living together 1 *But food preference shows little genetic correlation Correlation of weight and relatedness

Intelligence Correlation of IQ Inheritance :% The same person tested twice87 Identical twins reared together86 Identical twins reared apart76 Fraternal twins reared together55 Biological siblings47 Parents and children living together40 Parents and children living apart31 Adopted children living together 0 Unrelated people living apart 0

When the environment is equal (everyone has access to resources), genetic differences are magnified. When environments are different (only a few have access to resources), environmental differences are magnified.

Proof or disproof? Correlation of IQ Inheritance :% The same person tested twice87 Identical twins reared together86 Identical twins reared apart76 Fraternal twins reared together55 Biological siblings47 Parents and children living together40 Parents and children living apart31 Adopted children living together 0 Unrelated people living apart 0

Can we see a genetic basis for complex behaviors?

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (hormones) Water/salt balance Contraction of womb and milk production Encourages bonding between individuals

Hormones are molecules produced in one cell and signal another.

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (hormones) Water/salt balance Contraction of womb and milk production Encourages bonding between individuals

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Same levels of oxytocin and vasopressin

Hormones are molecules produced in one cell and signal another.

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young More receptors Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less receptors Same levels of oxytocin and vasopressin

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young More receptors ? Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less receptors ? Same levels of oxytocin and vasopressin Inject hormone into brain

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young More receptors Monogamous Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less receptors Nonmonogamous Same levels of oxytocin and vasopressin Inject hormone into brain

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young More oxytocin receptors ? Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less oxytocin receptors ? Same levels of oxytocin and vasopressin Block receptors

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young More oxytocin receptors Nonmonogamous Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less oxytocin receptors Nonmonogamous Same levels of oxytocin and vasopressin Block receptors

Voles Prairie Monogamous Both parents care for young More oxytocin receptors Monogamous Montane Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly Less oxytocin receptors Monogamous Same levels of oxytocin and vasopressin Increase levels of receptors (genetically) in ventral pallidum

Why might these voles use different reproductive strategies? Prairie voles Monogamous Both parents care for young Montane voles Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly

Why might these voles use different reproductive strategies? Prairie voles: Resource poor habitat Monogamous Both parents care for young Montane voles: Resource rich habitat Nonmonogamous Mother cares for young briefly

Children of alcoholic parents are likely to become alcoholics… Nature or Nurture?

Homework #1 due 2/7 Bonus #1 due 2/28