1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 18 Image Slides

LEARNING OUTCOMES 18.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations Distinguish between interoceptors and exteroceptors. Describe the four categories of sensory receptors. Explain the significance of sensory transduction and sensory adaptation Somatic Senses Compare and contrast the functions of proprioceptors, cutaneous receptors, and pain receptors. List specific types of cutaneous receptors that are sensitive to fine touch, pressure, and temperature. Explain the importance of pain receptors to the survival of an organism Senses of Taste and Smell Identify the structures that are involved in taste, including the five types of taste receptors. Describe the sensory receptors involved in smell. Compare and contrast how the brain receives information about taste versus smell.

LEARNING OUTCOMES 18.4 Sense of Vision Identify the structures of the human eye. Explain how the eye focuses on near and far objects. Discuss the function and distribution of rods and cones. Trace the path of a nerve impulse from the retina to the visual cortex Sense of Hearing List the parts of the ear that make up the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. Describe the mechanism by which sound waves in the outer ear are converted into nerve impulses in the inner ear. Explain how the inner ear is able to distinguish sounds of different pitches and volumes.

LEARNING OUTCOMES 18.6 Sense of Equilibrium Explain how mechanoreceptors are involved in the sense of equilibrium. Review the structures involved in rotational and gravitational equilibrium. Compare the role of the fluid found in the semicircular canals with the otoliths present in the utricle and saccule Disorders That Affect the Senses List three common disorders that can affect the senses of taste and smell. Explain the anatomical abnormalities that cause color blindness, nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. Characterize the three most common causes of blindness in the United States. Describe some common disorders of hearing and equilibrium.

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