Continuity and Change Texas and the New South The Texas Economy In the Late Nineteenth Century

Key Themes Cotton, cattle, and oil Cotton, cattle, and oil New South New South Continuity or change Continuity or change The case for cotton – romanticizing the Texas past (context) The case for cotton – romanticizing the Texas past (context) Economic history at the micro- and macro- levels – social dynamics, history from the bottom-up Economic history at the micro- and macro- levels – social dynamics, history from the bottom-up

From Reconstruction to the New South

New Economic System Sharecropping (1/2 to 2/3 of crop turned over) – advantages and disadvantages Sharecropping (1/2 to 2/3 of crop turned over) – advantages and disadvantages Protection of inequality under the law Protection of inequality under the law Segregation – de facto and de jure Segregation – de facto and de jure Discrimination in the legal system – enforcing Jim Crow, “lynch law” Discrimination in the legal system – enforcing Jim Crow, “lynch law” Positive aspects of Reconstruction? Religion, education, leaders: George Ruby Positive aspects of Reconstruction? Religion, education, leaders: George Ruby

The Legacy of Reconstruction Continuity Continuity De jure – segregation (Plessy) De jure – segregation (Plessy) Poverty, violence and intimidation Poverty, violence and intimidation Disenfranchisement: How do African Americans lose their right to vote? Disenfranchisement: How do African Americans lose their right to vote? The politics of Redemption in Texas – the fate of African Americans The politics of Redemption in Texas – the fate of African Americans

General Stores and Texas History at the Micro-level Greater Reconstruction and national consolidation Greater Reconstruction and national consolidation General merchants and attitudes on race General merchants and attitudes on race Purchasing – an expression of freedom? Purchasing – an expression of freedom? Continuity and change Continuity and change Women in store ledgers – two unique women: Mrs. Anna Hyde and Mrs. Anna Martin Women in store ledgers – two unique women: Mrs. Anna Hyde and Mrs. Anna Martin

The Texas Longhorn

German Cowboy

The Cattle Kingdom Elimination of the Bison; Post Civil-War factors – continuity and change Elimination of the Bison; Post Civil-War factors – continuity and change Railroads Railroads Opportunity for cattle Opportunity for cattle Texas Longhorns Texas Longhorns Issue of “splenic fever” (aka Texas or Spanish fever) Issue of “splenic fever” (aka Texas or Spanish fever) The great cattle drives of the 1870s/1880s The great cattle drives of the 1870s/1880s

The King Ranch Early Ranching

King Ranch Early history Early history Santa Gertrudis Creek Santa Gertrudis Creek Drought and the King’s men (kineños) 1850s (1854 Mexico) Drought and the King’s men (kineños) 1850s (1854 Mexico) Growth in the post- Civil War era Growth in the post- Civil War era Innovations Innovations Running W - legacy Running W - legacy

Cattle Boom and Bust Why invest? Why invest? Issue of public domain – “range rights” Issue of public domain – “range rights” Large ranches – JA Ranch; XIT Ranch Large ranches – JA Ranch; XIT Ranch Improved breeds (especially Herefords) Improved breeds (especially Herefords) Overstocking Overstocking Barbed wire ( ) Barbed wire ( ) Ecological Disaster ( ), Winter Ecological Disaster ( ), Winter Ecological disaster fed economic disaster Ecological disaster fed economic disaster

Capitol Building

Cowboys at XIT Ranch

Sources of Tension Battle over the public domain Battle over the public domain Sutton-Taylor Feud ( ) Sutton-Taylor Feud ( ) White cappers and race in East Texas White cappers and race in East Texas Racial friction with Tejanos – the Salt War (1877) Racial friction with Tejanos – the Salt War (1877) Texas Rangers – law and order? Texas Rangers – law and order? Fence-Cutters’ War ( ) Fence-Cutters’ War ( ) Other examples of cattle conflict in the West – Johnson County War (1890s) Other examples of cattle conflict in the West – Johnson County War (1890s)

The New South, Industrialism, and the Discovery of Oil “Change” and the Texas Economy

Texas, Industrialism and the New South Land grants and railroads Land grants and railroads Industrializing Texas – railroad development: T & P, MK & T (the Katy) Industrializing Texas – railroad development: T & P, MK & T (the Katy) Gilded Age – corporations and monopolies: Collis Huntington and Jay Gould Gilded Age – corporations and monopolies: Collis Huntington and Jay Gould Land policy Land policy Other industrial development: lumber, agricultural derivatives: flour and cotton Other industrial development: lumber, agricultural derivatives: flour and cotton

Texas at the Turn of the 20 th Century Early oil discoveries: Nacogdoches and Corsicana – James M. Guffey and John H. Galey (Mellon money) Early oil discoveries: Nacogdoches and Corsicana – James M. Guffey and John H. Galey (Mellon money) Patillo Higgins and Cpt. Anthony Lucas Patillo Higgins and Cpt. Anthony Lucas January 10, 1901 January 10, 1901 Growth of the oil industry – companies Growth of the oil industry – companies

Spindletop 1903

Oil’s Legacy Spin-off industries Spin-off industries Other finds: Sour Lake (1902); Humble (1905); Goose Creek (1908); Electra (1904); Mexia (1912, 1921); Burkburnett (1913); Desdemona (1918); etc. Other finds: Sour Lake (1902); Humble (1905); Goose Creek (1908); Electra (1904); Mexia (1912, 1921); Burkburnett (1913); Desdemona (1918); etc. Frontier mentality – the oil town = cattle town? Frontier mentality – the oil town = cattle town? Changing the economic pursuits of Texans away from the 19 th century standbys Changing the economic pursuits of Texans away from the 19 th century standbys

Organized labor? Labor’s Response