Carbon Isotope Variations in Aquatic Plants: Applications Onshore-Offshore (Benthic vs. Pelagic?) Kelp forest ecology Decreased productivity in the Bering Sea? Phytoplankton 13 C from whale baleen and seal teeth?
Compilation of 13 C for Freshwater Algae Freshwater benthic algae from lakes are more 13 C-enriched than benthic algae collected in rivers One possible mechanism: development of a "stagnant boundary layer" in less turbulent waters restricting the rate of CO 2 diffusion and requiring use of 13 C-enriched of CO 2 pool [France, 1995]
Compilation of 13 C for Marine Algae In coastal marine areas, 13 C values of benthic algae are +5‰ higher than average planktonic 13 C values Planktonic 13 C = -22 ± 4‰ Benthic 13 C = -17 ± 3‰ [France, 1995]
Food Sources for Coastal Marine Animals d 13 C values of consumers can be used to indicate food source Fish: Offshore = primarily planktonic food source Seagrass = some primarily planktonic, some primarily benthic Invertebrates: Offshore = primarily planktonic food source Seagrass = primarily benthic food source [France, 1995]
Foley & Koch (in press)
Highly variable inputs seasonally
Foley & Koch (in prep)
Carbon Isotope Record from Whale Baleen [Kroopnick, 1985; Ravelo & Andreasen, 2000] Baleen plates contain a continuous record of dietary 13 C/ 12 C Arctic bowhead whales - feed on zooplankton - migrate seasonally WINTER SUMMER
[Schell, 2000] Composite record constructed using presumed winter 13 C values (most positive in cycle) from many baleen plates (n = 37) Whale got these values while occupying the Bering Sea "Summer" values not used because of apparent disagreement between different specimens
Interpretation 2.7‰ decline in 13 C phytoplankton from 1966 to 1997 [Schell, 2000] Assumes: 1) constant offsets b/w 13 C baleen, 13 C zoo, and 13 C phyto 2) No change in plankton species composition/ abundance 3) Constant surface 13 C DIC 4) Whales spent winter in roughly the same place every year
2.7‰ decrease in 13 C phytoplankton What does it mean? Schell [2000] interprets an increase in p related to a decrease in phytoplankton growth rates ( ) Infers a 30-40% decrease in productivity between 1966 and 1997 in the Bering Sea
[Laws et al., 1995] [Popp et al., 1998]
What about changes in [CO 2(aq )] and surface 13 C DIC ? p dependent upon: - growth rate - [CO 2 (aq)] Cullen et al. [2000] suggest that 13 C phyto was decreased over the last 30 yrs due to a combination of: - increase in [CO 2(aq) ] (resulting in an increase in p ) - decrease in 13 C DIC Both effects result from increased pCO 2 and invasion of anthropogenic CO 2 into surface waters [Cullen et al., 2001]
[Zeebe & Wolf-Gladrow, 2001]
Schell Responds [Schell, 2001] No evidence for decrease in 13 C DIC or increase in [CO 2(aq) ] in the north Pacific - Not enough time for atmospheric equilibration in regions of vigorous vertical mixing - Similar decline in 15 N baleen (however, note low 15 N values in the late '40s)
Newsome et al. (2007)