Earlier Explorations ’s Crusades-Islam & Spice Trade India (Moluccas-cloves) 2.New player Europe 1271-Marco Polo-IT.-China Expansion becomes a business  European Monarchs had authority & resources to explore

Admiral Zheng He Asia/India/Africa- Floating cities!

Zheng He’s Voyages

Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

***Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades  by-pass intermediarie (middlemen) to get to Asia 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries/spread the word of God 4.Gold-New Resources & Revenue 5.God-Christianize 6.Glory-Fame & fortune for their country

New Weapons Technology

New Maritime Technologies Astrolabe (lat.) (1532) Rough Maps [Portulan] Sextant (angle- Horizon) Mariner’s Compass

Prince Henry, the Navigator 1419-School for Navigation,

Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Empire 1. Exploring north/west coast of Africa Bartolommeo Dias (Cape of Storms) Vasco Da Gama reached port of Calcutta, India! 4. Cabral-Brazil-Asia/India Spice Is-Indonesia

Christoforo Colombo [ ]-Italian

Columbus’ Four Voyages- 1492

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c-potuguese

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando Cortez/conquistador The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization 1. Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers 5. Official European Colony!

Treasures from the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans (slave from Slav) Sugar cane & sugar plantations First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in ,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

European Empires in the Americas

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

Spanish Empire in the New World 1.Encomienda -natives used as forced labor 2.Council of the Indies Viceroy New Spain and Peru 3.Papal agreement

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

1494-Treaty of Tordesillas Pope’s Line of Demarcation Betw. Spain & port Treaty of Tordesillas Pope’s Line of Demarcation Betw. Spain & port.

Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked numbers & wealth to dominate trade in Indian ocean st English expedition to the Indies drove out Portg. (India becomes British colony) Dutch-Netherlands-Dutch East India Company –Kicked out Portg.-Monopolized trade - Spice Is. East Asia-(cloves)

New Colonial Rivals

***Negative Impact of European Exploration Native populations ravaged by disease……….ex…. 2.Native pop. Enslaved- Native Americas …………. 3.Slave Trade –Caused a Diaspora of African people/Middle passage/Sugar mills etc……….

Impact----- Wars & power struggles betw. Europeans (for control of land in the new areas/control of & trade) ex; French Indian War between…….natives used in the wars etc….

Impact of Exploration---- Natives-Indigenous people lost culture/religion /traditions forced to adapt European ways………..ex- Maya/Incas/Aztec and the conquers….

Positive Impact Influx of gold, and silver, into Europe created wealth+++++ New products +/_introduced across continents -“Columbian Exchange”+/- both positive and negative

+Impact of Age of Exploration Brought technology/created Industries-money system Created railroads/roads/ canals/….schools/hospitals…… Emergence of the modern world…U.S -Reduced local warfare betw. Tribes-tribes stopped fighting…

EXTENDED RESPONSES Essay The Age of European Exploration and conquest had both negative and positive consequences Explain the positive and negative effects of the age of ex/colonization

5. New Patterns of World Trade