Authored by M. Moyer 01-Mar-2011 Modified by Lt Colonel Fred Blundell TX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron For Local Training Rev Jan-2014

This Training Slide Show is a project undertaken by Lt Colonel Fred Blundell of the TX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron, Fort Worth, TX for local use to assist those CAP Members interested in advancing their skills. The information contained herein is for CAP Member’s personal use and is not intended to replace or be a substitute for any of the CAP National Training Programs. Users should review the presentation’s Revision Number at the end of each file name to ensure that they have the most current publication.

Aircrew Tasks CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Discuss the fundamentals of Crew Resource Management (CRM) Discuss the fundamentals of Crew Resource Management (CRM) Discuss failures and error chain. Discuss failures and error chain. Discuss situational awareness. Discuss situational awareness. Discuss how to regain SA once lost. Discuss how to regain SA once lost. Describe barriers to communications. Describe barriers to communications. Define/discuss task saturation. Define/discuss task saturation. Discuss assignments and coordination of duties. Discuss assignments and coordination of duties.

Why CRM? Properly trained aircrew members can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the team. Properly trained aircrew members can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the team. An untrained team's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single member. An untrained team's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single member. We will cover behavior and attitudes of teamwork and communication among team members. We will cover behavior and attitudes of teamwork and communication among team members.

Safety Statistics General Aviation compared to CAP / per 100,000 hours

Safety Statistics

Failures Parts and equipment. Parts and equipment. Mechanical failures Mechanical failures People. People. Human failures Human failures

The Error Chain A series of event links that, when considered together, cause a mishap. A series of event links that, when considered together, cause a mishap. Should any one of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur. Should any one of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur. It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain.

Situational Awareness Know what is going on around you… Know what is going on around you… AT ALL TIMES AT ALL TIMES Requires: Requires: Good mental health Good mental health Good physical health Good physical health Attentiveness Attentiveness Inquisitiveness Inquisitiveness

Loss of Situational Awareness Strength of an Idea Strength of an Idea Hidden agenda Hidden agenda Complacency Complacency Accommodation Accommodation Sudden Loss of Judgment Sudden Loss of Judgment

Symptoms of Loss of Situational Awareness Fixation Fixation Ambiguity Ambiguity Complacency Complacency Euphoria Euphoria Confusion Confusion Distraction Distraction Overload Overload

Hazardous Attitudes Anti-authority Anti-authority Impulsiveness Impulsiveness Invulnerability Invulnerability Macho Macho Resignation Resignation Get There It-us Get There It-us

Regaining Situational Awareness Reduce workload: Suspend the mission. Reduce workload: Suspend the mission. Reduce threats: Reduce threats: Get away from the ground and other obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude). Get away from the ground and other obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude). Establish a stable flight profile where you can safely analyze the situation. Establish a stable flight profile where you can safely analyze the situation. Remember: Remember: “Aviate, Navigate, Communicate”

How do we get it back? Trust your gut feelings Trust your gut feelings “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is Stupid.” “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is Stupid.” Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe and stable configuration, and then discuss the problem Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe and stable configuration, and then discuss the problem Sterile Cockpit Sterile Cockpit Limit talk to the minimum necessary for safety. Limit talk to the minimum necessary for safety. Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level flying, approach, landing Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level flying, approach, landing

Barriers To Communication Hearing Hearing The biological function of receiving sounds, converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them The biological function of receiving sounds, converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them Listening Listening Correctly identifying what the sender has sent in their message Correctly identifying what the sender has sent in their message

Barriers To Communication (Continued)

Distracters Distracters PHYSICAL/MENTAL: Noise, static, simultaneous transmissions; fatigue and stress PHYSICAL/MENTAL: Noise, static, simultaneous transmissions; fatigue and stress WORDING: Incomplete or ambiguous message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology WORDING: Incomplete or ambiguous message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology PERSONAL: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility PERSONAL: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility

Task Saturation Too much information at one time Too much information at one time Too many tasks to accomplish in a given time Too many tasks to accomplish in a given time Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA Keep your workload to an acceptable level Keep your workload to an acceptable level If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing you situational awareness If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing you situational awareness Watch your team members for signs of saturation Watch your team members for signs of saturation

Identification of Resources External and internal External and internal Identify your resources, know where to find them, and how to use them to accomplish the mission Identify your resources, know where to find them, and how to use them to accomplish the mission

Assignment of Duties CAPR 60-3 CAPR 60-3 Flight-related – Flight-related – Aircraft commander (PIC) Aircraft commander (PIC) Mission-related – Mission-related – Mission commander (MO) Mission commander (MO)

Crew Coordination Understand and execute your assignments Understand and execute your assignments Communicate Communicate Question Question

Summary Pay close attention to all briefings Pay close attention to all briefings Understand the “big picture” Understand the “big picture” Watch for task overload in yourself and other crewmembers Watch for task overload in yourself and other crewmembers

Summary (Continued) 67% of air transport accidents occur during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight. 67% of air transport accidents occur during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight. Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain

Summary (Continued) Successful missions hinge on each and every crewmember Successful missions hinge on each and every crewmember Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly Never stop learning Never stop learning

Summary (Continued) Don’t be afraid to ask questions Don’t be afraid to ask questions Never criticize someone for asking questions Never criticize someone for asking questions Anyone can call: Anyone can call: “Time Out” “Time Out” “Abort” “Abort” “This is Stupid” “This is Stupid” Remember that the Mission Pilot must make the final decision based on the crew’s input. Remember that the Mission Pilot must make the final decision based on the crew’s input.

QUESTIONS? ALWAYS THINK SAFETY!