Body Movements and Muscle Histology Lab # 7

Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension Flexion: Movement that decreases the joint angle in hinge joints Extension: Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position Hip flexion Knee flexion Extension Flexion Lateral flexion

Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position. Flexion and extension occur at nearly all diarthroses, hyperextension is limited to a few joints. Extension Flexion Hyperextension

Abduction: Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body Adduction: Movement of a body part in the frontal plane back toward the midline

Elevation: A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane Depression: A movement that lowers a body vertically part in the frontal plane Protraction: The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane Retraction: The posterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

Supination: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward. The forearm is supinated in anatomical position (the radius is parallel to the ulna) Pronation: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward. The radius spins on the capitulum of the humerus. The head spins in the radial notch of ulna and the radius crosses stationary ulna like an X

Tendons: Narrow bands of connective tissue that connect muscles to bone TENDONS Aponeuroses: Bands of connective tissue that attach flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones APONEUROSIS Ligaments: Bands of connective tissue that join bone to bone LIGAMENT

Epicraneal aponeuroses ( Galea ) Lumbar aponeuroses Abdominal aponeuroses

Muscle Tissue

MARTINI page Skeletal muscle 2- Cardiac muscle 3- Smooth muscle DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLE

MUSCLE HISTOLOGY (pages and 77-80) Types of muscle: 1- Skeletal 2- Cardiac 3- Smooth Long, Short, Cylindrical,Branched, Spindle, Striated, Non- striated, Multinuclear Single nucleus C e l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Muscle fiber (cell) Fascicle Skeletal Muscle Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium

MUSCLE FIBER (cell) Capillary Sarcolemma Endomysium Axon Sarcoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria Myofibrils They are involved in the repair of damaged muscle Myosatellite cell They consist of bundles of myofilaments (thin filaments and thick filaments)

Motor Unit (page 79) Motor neuron Axon terminal Muscle cell or fiber Neuromuscular junction Axon of motor neuron Sarcolemma Myofibril Myofilaments Nucleus It releases the neurotransmitter It carries the nerve impulse (They are organized in sarcomeres)

Thin filament Terminal cisterna Sarcolemma Structure of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber Sarcoplasm They conduct the nerve impulse from the sarcolemma to the interior of the cell Sarcoplasmic reticulum T tubules It stores calcium for muscle contraction Triad Mitochondria They produce the chemical energy (ATP) for muscle contraction Thick filament Myofibril

Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber Superior view Myofibrils It carries the nerve impulse They release the neurotransmitter Neuromuscular junction Axon of the motor neuron Axon terminal Endomysium Sarcomeres Sarcolemma Nuclei Sarcoplasm

They consist of proteins called actinins, which interconnect thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres They are the smallest functional units of the muscle fiber Sarcomere A band H band M line M line: It consists of proteins that connect the each filament with its neighbors H band: I t is a lighter region on either side of the M line, which contains only thick filaments Zone of overlap: It is the region where the thin filaments are situated between the thick filaments Zone of overlap A band : Its length is equal to the length of the thick filaments. It contains both thin and thick filaments I band (It contains thin filaments but not thick filaments Z lineI band Zone of overlap H bandM line Actin (thin filaments) Myosin (thick filaments) Z line Titin (elastic protein that attaches the thick filaments to the Z discs)

I band A band H band Zone of overlap M lineZ line When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts: 1- The H bands and I bands get smaller 2- The zone of overlap get larger 3- The Z lines move closer together 4- The width of the A band remain constant

Z line Sarcomere A band H zone Zone of overlap I band Thin filament M line Thick filament Sarcomere Structure