1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM: MUSCLE TISSUE AND MUSCLES
MUSCULAR SYSTEM: MUSCLE TISSUE AND MUSCLES FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY BY MARTINI, 9TH EDITION, Chapters # 4, 10 & 11 Lab Manual Exercise # 13

2. NOTE: THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR PRACTICUMS /
QUIZZES.
STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR READING THEIR TEXBOOK (S) AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS
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3. Competency 5: The Muscular System
Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to understand the gross and microscopic anatomy of muscles and their physiology by:
Recognize the three types of muscle tissue.
Describing the location and functions of the microscopic structures of skeletal muscle.
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4. TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSSUES NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (MODEL #1)
MIOFIBRIL (MODEL #2)
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5. TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSUES
SKELETAL
CARDIAC
SMOOTH
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6. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
CELLS- LONG
CYLINDRICAL
STRIATED
MULTINUCLEATED
LOCATION- SKELETAL MUSCLE
COMBINED WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE &
NERVOUS TISSUE
FUNCTIONS: 1- MOVE BODY PARTS & STABILIZE THE
POSTURE OF THE SKELETON
2- GUARDS ENTRANCE & EXITS TO THE
DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, & URINARY TRACTS
3- TO GENERATE HEAT
4- TO PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS
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7. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE CELLS- ARE SHORT BRANCHED & STRIATED
SINGLE NUCLEUS (USUALLY)
INTERCONNECTED BY INTERCALATED DISCS
LOCATION- HEART
FUNCTIONS: 1- CIRCULATES THE BLOOD
2- MAINTAINS BLOOD (HYDROSTATIC)
PRESSURE
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8. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE CELLS- SHORT SPINDLE SHAPED NON STRIATED
A SINGLE CENTRAL NUCLEUS
LOCATION- ENCIRCLES BLOOD VESSELS
IN THE WALLS OF THE DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY
URINARY & REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
FUNCTIONS: 1- MOVES FOOD IN DIGESTIVE TRACT AND
FLUIDS IN THE DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND
REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS
2-CONTROLS DIAMETERS OF RESPIRATORY
PASSAGEWAYS & BLOOD VESSELS
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10. ORGANIZATION OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
EPIMISYUM
PERIMYSIUM
ENDOMYSIUM
THEY CONVERGE TO FORM: TENDONS APONEUROSES
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11. FASCICLE- A BUNDLE OF MUSCLE FIBERS
EPIMYSIUM- A DENSE LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS THE ENTIRE MUSCLE.
IT SEPARATES THE MUSCLE FROM OTHER TISSUES
PERIMYSIUM- IT DIVIDES THE SKELETAL MUSCLE INTO COMPARTMENT IT SURROUNDS THE FASCICLES
FASCICLE- A BUNDLE OF MUSCLE FIBERS
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ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

14. MODEL #1(MOTOR UNIT) AXON TERMINAL- END PART OF THE AXON OF THE NEURON
F- TO RELEASE THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
MUSCLE CELLS OR FIBERS- THE WHOLE STRUCTURE WITHOUT THE
NEURON
F- CONTRACTS TO SHORTEN THE WHOLE MUSCLE
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION- AREA IN WHICH THE
NEURON & THE MUSCULAR CELL ARE JOINED
(A BUMP IN THE MODEL)
AXON OF THE MOTOR NEURON- (LIKE A SAUSAGE IN THE MODEL)
IT IS A CYTOPLASMATIC EXTENSION OF THE NEURON THAT
CARRIES THE NERVE IMPULSE
MOTOR UNIT- NEURON + MUSCLE CELL OR FIBER
ENDOMYSIUM- IT SURROUNDS THE SARCOLEMMA OR CELL
MEMBRANE (THE ROUGH AREA OUTSIDE)
MYOFIBRILS- THEY ARE FOUND INSIDE THE MUSCLE FIBERS. THEY CAN NUMBER IN 100’S TO 1000’S AND THEY CONTAIN BUNDLES OF
MYOFILAMENTS
NUCLEUS OF MUSCLE CELL- IT IS THE CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL

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ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

16. MODEL #2 (MYOFIBRIL) MITOCHONDRIA-TO PRODUCE ATP (ENERGY)
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM- IT SURROUNDS THE
MYOFIBRIL
F- TO STORE CALCIUM FOR MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
T TUBULE: CARRIES THE NERVE IMPULSE INSIDE MUSCLE
CELL
TERMINAL CISTERNA: ENLARGED AREAS OF
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM THAT RELEASES
CALCIUM
TRIAD: TERMINAL CISTERNA + T TUBULE
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18. MYOFILAMENTS- PROTEIN FILAMENTS COMPOSED OF ACTIN & MYOSIN
ACTIN- FORMS THE BULK OF THE THIN FILAMENTS
MYOSIN- FORMS THE THICK FILAMENTS
A BAND- IS DARK AREA COMPOSED MOSTLY OF THICK FILAMENT AND INCLUDING PORTIONS OF THIN FILAMENTS THAT INTERCALATE WITH THEM
I BAND- IS LIGHT AREA THAT CONTAINS ONLY THIN
IT FILAMENTS EXTENDS FROM A BAND OF ONE SARCOMERE TO THE A BAND OF THE NEXT
SARCOMERE
H ZONE- A LIGHTER REGION ON THE MID PART OF THE
A BAND THAT CONTAINS ONLY THICK FILAMENTS
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19. SARCOMERE- AREA BETWEEN 2 Z LINES
SMALL FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE MUSCLE FIBER
THEY NUMBER MORE OR LESS IN THE 10,000S
LINE Z- IT MARKS THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN ADJACENT
SARCOMERES -
IT IS THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF THE THIN
FILAMENTS
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21. MARTINI (PG 292)
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ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

22. CHARTS & MODELS TENDONS- LOCATED AT THE END OF THE MUSCLE
THEY JOIN MUSCLES TO BONES
LIGAMENTS- THEY JOIN BONE TO BONE
APONEUROSES- FLAT SHEETS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
THAT USUALLY JOIN MUSCLE TO MUSCLE
GALEA (EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS)
IT CONNECTS FRONTALIS WITH OCCIPITALIS
LUMBAR- IT JOINS MUSCLES OF THE BACK
ABDOMINAL- IT JOINS MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN
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26. REMEMBER. GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS
REMEMBER! GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS. SEE INTERACTIVE PHYSIOLOGY CD ROOM 3326.
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