The Age of Napoleon

Napoleon’s Rise to Power Born in 1769 as Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica Born in 1769 as Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica At the age of nine, placed in Military School At the age of nine, placed in Military School By 16 at become an artillery officer By 16 at become an artillery officer By 1795 was the Savior of French Republic By 1795 was the Savior of French Republic Defeated royalist rebels attacking National Convention Defeated royalist rebels attacking National Convention Appointed to lead an army against enemies Appointed to lead an army against enemies Wins against Italy help gain popularity Wins against Italy help gain popularity By 1799 Seized power with the use of troops (coup d’ etat) By 1799 Seized power with the use of troops (coup d’ etat) Defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him Defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him

Napoleon Rules France In 1800 New Constitution is approved through plebiscite (vote of the people) In 1800 New Constitution is approved through plebiscite (vote of the people) Rebuilt government by Rebuilt government by Fixing economy = national banking system and efficient taxes Fixing economy = national banking system and efficient taxes Removed dishonest gov’t, promotion based on ability Removed dishonest gov’t, promotion based on ability Establishes lycées —government-run public schools to train officials Establishes lycées —government-run public schools to train officials Signs concordat —agreement—with pope restoring Catholicism Signs concordat —agreement—with pope restoring Catholicism Creates Napoleonic Code —uniform system of laws (Equal rights) Creates Napoleonic Code —uniform system of laws (Equal rights) Preserved equality for all citizens Preserved equality for all citizens Right of the individual to choose a profession Right of the individual to choose a profession Religious tolerations Religious tolerations Abolition of feudalism Abolition of feudalism

Limited Rights under Napoleonic Code Limited Rights Limited Rights Women Rights Women Rights Divorce allowed but difficult (Property belonged to husband) Divorce allowed but difficult (Property belonged to husband) Treated as minors Treated as minors Liberty replaced by despotism (Tyrant) Liberty replaced by despotism (Tyrant) Eliminated Freedom of the Press (60/73 papers) Eliminated Freedom of the Press (60/73 papers) Approval before publication Approval before publication Mail opened by gov’t officials Mail opened by gov’t officials

Napoleon Creates an Empire Need for more land Need for more land In 1801, attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue but fails In 1801, attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue but fails Sells the Louisiana Territory to United States for $15 million in 1803 Sells the Louisiana Territory to United States for $15 million in 1803 In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France Gives up on the Americas and concentrates on Europe Gives up on the Americas and concentrates on Europe Empire consists of: Empire consists of: French Empire (Rhine to half of Italy), Dependent states (controlled by relatives), and Allied States (defeated and forced to fight) French Empire (Rhine to half of Italy), Dependent states (controlled by relatives), and Allied States (defeated and forced to fight) The Battle of Trafalgar The Battle of Trafalgar In 1805, ensures British naval superiority and ruins ideas of invading Britain In 1805, ensures British naval superiority and ruins ideas of invading Britain

Fall of Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes - threatened by his own personality and need to expamnnd Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes - threatened by his own personality and need to expamnnd Desire to crush Britain Desire to crush Britain Ordered a blockade —forced closing of ports Ordered a blockade —forced closing of ports Fail of the Continental System —economic plan to strengthen Europe, weaken Britain Fail of the Continental System —economic plan to strengthen Europe, weaken Britain Britain by its stronger navy Britain by its stronger navy Made Brother King of Spain Made Brother King of Spain Spanish fight as guerrillas with support from Britain —small groups that attacked and then disappear Spanish fight as guerrillas with support from Britain —small groups that attacked and then disappear Lost 300,000 troops to The Peninsular War Lost 300,000 troops to The Peninsular War Tries to Conquer Russia Tries to Conquer Russia In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men Russians use scorched-earth policy —destroying crops, livestock Russians use scorched-earth policy —destroying crops, livestock Napoleon retreats, losing thousands of soldiers to raids, cold weather Napoleon retreats, losing thousands of soldiers to raids, cold weather

Fall of Napoleon’s Empire Continues Napoleon Suffers Defeat Napoleon Suffers Defeat Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon Battle of Leipzig -raises another army, but defeat due to inexperience Battle of Leipzig -raises another army, but defeat due to inexperience Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of Elba Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of Elba King Louis XVIII is crowned King of France and struggles King Louis XVIII is crowned King of France and struggles The Hundred Days : Napoleon’s last attempt at power The Hundred Days : Napoleon’s last attempt at power Louis XVIII is overthrown and Napoleon returns Louis XVIII is overthrown and Napoleon returns Battle of Waterloo —British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon Battle of Waterloo —British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon

Congress of Vienna A Meeting of Nations A Meeting of Nations Congress of Vienna —series of meetings that reshape Europe Congress of Vienna —series of meetings that reshape Europe Kingdom of the Netherlands formed, and Switzerland made independent Kingdom of the Netherlands formed, and Switzerland made independent Austria dominates new German Confederation of 39 German states Austria dominates new German Confederation of 39 German states Klemens von Metternich—foreign minister of Austria, influential at Congress Klemens von Metternich—foreign minister of Austria, influential at Congress French couldn’t attack another country French couldn’t attack another country Balance of power —a chief Metternich goal, with no one country a threat L Balance of power —a chief Metternich goal, with no one country a threat L egitimacy —monarchs deposed by Napoleon are returned to thrones Leaders hope to restore order through these changes egitimacy —monarchs deposed by Napoleon are returned to thrones Leaders hope to restore order through these changes European nations agree to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years European nations agree to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years Political Changes Political Changes Holy Alliance —Russia, Prussia, Austria pledge to fight revolution Holy Alliance —Russia, Prussia, Austria pledge to fight revolution Concert of Europe —European nations pledge to help fight revolutions Concert of Europe —European nations pledge to help fight revolutions Conservative governments rule across Europe, but new ideas have impact Conservative governments rule across Europe, but new ideas have impact Revolutions in Latin America Revolutions in Latin America Napoleon’s replacing king of Spain set off rebellions in Spanish America Napoleon’s replacing king of Spain set off rebellions in Spanish America Many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gain independence Many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gain independence Britain, Prussia gain power; spreading nationalism leads to revolutions Britain, Prussia gain power; spreading nationalism leads to revolutions