28.2 Modernization in Japan Japan followed the model of Western powers by industrializing and expanding its foreign influence

Japan Ends Its Isolation Japan had little contact with the industrialized world during its isolation. Japan did trade with the Dutch from Indonesia, and the Chinese. Japan had diplomatic ties with Korea.

1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!

What Did the U. S. Want??  Coaling stations.  More trading partners.  A haven for ship-wrecked sailors.

The Treaty of Kanagawa

After Perry's arrival in 1853 & 1854, conclusion of Treaty of Kanagawa or the Unequal Treaties, called "Treaty of Amity and Commerce" by the US. Consequences: –no tariff autonomy to protect domestic industries (cotton industry collapses) –Westerners have extraterritoriality –most favored nation clause: any privilege to anyone must also be granted to US –one major difference to China: prohibition on trade in opium The Treaty of Kanagawa

China’s “Unequal Treaties”  After the Opium War of , Japan was convinced that it had to Open Up to the West.

Feudal Society The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

The Shi-shi (“Men of High Purpose”)  Highly idealistic samurai who felt that the arrival of Westerners was an attack on the traditional values of Japan.  They believed that:  Japan was sacred ground.  The emperor, now a figurehead in Kyoto, was a God.  Were furious at the Shogun for signing treaties with the West without the Emperor’s consent.  Their slogan  Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians!

Series of Civil Wars 1864,  Tokugawa Shogun resists changes  Renegade samurai establish a new “ modern ” government –Old samurai forbidden to wear top knot, carry samurai sword –Many commit seppuku Cannot adjust to the new changes

The Meiji Revolt  A powerful group of samurai overthrow the Shogun.  Sakamoto Ryoma, the hero.  He helped Japan emerge from feudalism into a unified modern state.

The Shogunate Is Overthrown!  The last Shogun.  Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

The Emperor Is “Restored” to Power MEIJI  “Enlightened Rule”

Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s? Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened

Meiji Era The Meiji emperor realized the best way to counter Western influence was to modernize. The Japanese chose the best of Western ways and adapted them to their own country. –Patterned Germany’s strong central government and used its constitution as a model. –Used German army as a model for their army –Used British navy as a model for their navy –Used American system of universal education for their schools.

Meiji Era Japanese followed the Western path of industrialization. By the early 20 th century the economy was as modern as any in the world. Japan’s first railroad built in 1872 Coal production grew State supported companies built thousands of factories.

Japanese Textile Factory

Meiji Reforms Abolition of the feudal system Land Redistribution Human Rights & Religious Freedom Build a Modern Navy (British) Westernize the School System (Fr. & Ger.) Modernize the Army (Prussian) Emperor Worship Intensified Written Constitution (Germans) Modern Banking System

Imperial Japan By 1890 Japan as several dozen warships and 500,000 well trained soldiers. Once Japan had this strength it eliminated extraterritorial rights for foreigners. This was done with the promise that foreigners would by treated fairly by Japan’s modern legal code.

Japan Attacks China: First Sino-Japanese War ( ) 1876-Japan forces Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade Japan and China sign a hands-off agreement to prevent military invasion of Korea China breaks the agreement by helping the Korean king put down a rebellion. The First Sino-Japanese War ( ) lasts only a few months, but Japan gains a foothold in Manchuria. Japanese troops during the First Sino-Japanese War

Japanese soldiers of the First Sino-Japanese War (1895)

Satirical drawing in Punch Magazine (29 September 1894), showing the victory of "small" Japan over "large" China

Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives in October 1894

The Russo-Japanese War:  Russia and Japan both had designs on Manchuria and Korea  Japanese concerned about Russian Trans- Siberian Railway across Manchuria  Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land  Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

The reconstructed Mikasa docked as a permanent museum in 2010 (above), and as it looked in 1905 (right).

Admiral Togo on the bridge of the Mikasa, before the Battle of Tsushima in This battle annihilated the Russian Pacific fleet.

A Japanese propaganda of the war: woodcut print showing Tsar Nicholas II waking from a nightmare of the battered and wounded Russian forces returning from battle. Artist Kobayashi Kiyochika, 1904 or 1905

Punch cartoon, 1905; A cartoon in the British press of the times illustrating Russia's loss of prestige after the nation's defeat. The hour-glass representing Russia's prestige running out

President Teddy Roosevelt Mediates the Peace The Treaty of Portsmouth, NH ended the Russo-Japanese War.

Negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905). From left to right: the Russians at far side of table are Korostovetz, Nabokov, Witte, Rosen, Plancon; and the Japanese at near side of table are Adachi, Ochiai, Komura, Takahira, Sato. The large conference table is today preserved at the Museum Meiji Mura in Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

Japan-Russia Treaty of Peace, 5 September Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for his efforts in bringing about peace between Russia and Japan.

Japanese Occupation of Korea After defeating Russia, Japan attacked Korea with a vengeance. 1905—Korea made a protectorate of Japan Korean king gave up control of the country, and the Korean Army disbanded within two years. 1910—Japan officially imposed annexation on Korea. Emperor Gongjon (above left) abdicates his throne and is put under house arrest by the Japanese. His son Sunjong (above right), rules Korea as a Japanese puppet from before full Japanese annexation.

Korea Under Japanese Rule Japanese were harsh rulers. Korean newspapers were shut down. Study of Korean culture and language was replaced with Japanese subjects. Land was taken from Korean farmers. Brought Japanese businesses to Korea but forbid Korean businesses. Korean nationalist movement resulted from this harsh rule.

China and Japan Confront the West: A Comparison