1 Law of the Sea: Navigation & Overflight Rights

2 Warships Definition –belong to armed forces of a state –military markings –commanded by commissioned officer –crew under armed forces discipline Sovereign Immunity –immune from boarding, arrest –expected to comply w/ lawful coastal state requirements

3 Auxiliaries Definition –owned or exclusive control of armed forces –sovereign immunity Military Aircraft Definition –operated by armed forces –military markings –commanded by commissioned officer –crew under armed forces discipline Auxiliaries & Military Aircraft

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5 Navigation & Overflight: Internal Waters Waters Landward of Baselines Entry Permission Required –exceptions for ships –many states grant standing permission for merchant ships

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7 Innocent Passage –Ships: continuous & expeditious travel –passage is innocent unless it involves: threat or use of force exercise or practice with weapons collection of defense or security information propaganda launching, landing, taking on board aircraft violating customs, fiscal, immigration, sanitary laws Navigation & Overflight: Territorial Sea

8 –passage is innocent unless it involves: willful and serious pollution research or survey activity other activity not directly bearing on passage Right of All Surface Ships unimpeded and unannounced Navigation & Overflight: Territorial Sea

9 Aircraft Have No Right of Innocent Passage Right of Assistance Entry

10 Navigation & Overflight: International Straits Strait Overlapped by Territorial Sea Connecting High Seas or EEZ

11 Navigation & Overflight: Transit Passage Non-Suspendable & Unimpeded Right of All Ships & Aircraft Navigation & Overflight Solely for Continuous & Expeditious Transit Normal Mode of Operation

12 Navigation & Overflight: International Straits Strait with High Seas or EEZ Corridor -high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight within the corridor - all ships & aircraft

13 Navigation & Overflight: International Straits Strait Regulated by International Convention Turkish Straits

14 Navigation & Overflight: International Straits Strait Between the Mainland & an Island −Non-suspendable innocent passage for ships Straits of Messina

15 Navigation & Overflight: International Straits “Dead End” Straits −Non-suspendable innocent passage for ships Bahrain- Saudi Arabia Passage

16 Navigation & Overflight: Archipelagic Waters Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage –non-suspendable & unobstructed –right of all ships & aircraft –through all normal routes used for international navigation & overflight –solely for continuous & expeditious transit –normal mode of operation

17 ARCHIPELAGIC BASELINE ARCHIPELAGIC SEA LANE Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage

18 Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage in Designated Sea Lane

19 Navigation & Overflight: Archipelagic Waters Innocent Passage –outside routes normally used for international navigation –right of all ships

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21 Navigation & Overflight: International Waters Contiguous Zones, Exclusive Economic Zones, High Seas –all ships and aircraft –high seas navigation and overflight freedoms and other internationally lawful uses of the sea

22 Navigation & Overflight: High Seas Freedoms Examples: –surveillance –Intelligence collection –flight operations –maneuvering –exercises –weapons tests –hydrographic and military surveys

23 Navigation & Overflight: International Waters US EP-3 Electronic Surveillance Aircraft PRC F-8 Fighter Jet

24 Navigation & Overflight: International Waters Due Regard Standard

25 Navigation & Overflight: Nuclear Free Zones Treaty Established on Regional Basis –treaty parties obligated not to acquire or permit stationing of nuclear weapons on territory or within territorial sea Protocols Open to Declared Nuclear Weapon States –protocol parties obligated not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons or station them within territory or territorial seas of parties in the zone

26 Navigation & Overflight: Nuclear Free Zones Latin America (1969) South Pacific (1986) Africa Southeast Asia (1997) Freedom of Navigation Unaffected in Latin, South Pacific & Africa NFZs

27 Navigation & Overflight: Exercise & Assertion of Rights Maintaining Customary International Law of the Sea –preserving persistent objector status U.S. Freedom of Navigation Program –impartially rejects excessive maritime claims –Conducted in low-key, non-threatening manner

28 Navigation & Overflight: Safety Rules Ships within International Waters –72 COLREGS Ships within National Waters –72 COLREGS or national rules within territorial sea Aircraft within International Airspace

29 Overflight in Outer Space Freedom of Transit − overflight of land territory, national and international waters

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