1. International Strait EEZ, Continental Shelf & Delimitation of EEZ / Continental Shelf

2. Objects 1. International Strait-Corfu Channel Case 2. EEZ and EFZ 3. Continental Shelf 4. Delimitation-North Sea Continental Shelf Case

3. The legal regime of the international straits and transit passage 1.Definition of straits and historical background (1) No clear definition, the strait is a narrow natural passage or arm of water connecting two larger bodies of water (2) Historical background: ---1982 UN law of sea convention---transit passage, innocent passage and special regime

4. Albania Corfu Channel Case- Corfu Channel Case-Albania GREECE

5. 2. Corfu Channel Case (1) The right of passage through straits depended on whether the waters of the straits were high seas or territorial sea (2) Corfu Channel Case: -Issue: I. Is Albania responsible for the explosions, and is there a duty to pay compensation? II. Has the United Kingdom violated international law by the acts of its Navy in Albanian waters? -Court’s decision: I. The geographical situation of Corfu Channel, international navigation II. Tension between Greek and Albanian existed, not entitled to suspend passage through the strait -Conclusion: w arships and merchant ships had a right of innocent passage through international straits

6. 3. Transit passage (1) Historical background: The compromise--UNCLOS III (2) Transit passage 过境通行 ---The freedom of navigation and overflight solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit of the strait between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another, or in order to enter or leave a State bordering the strait. (Art 38.2)

7. III. Three categories of strait are excluded i. Article 36 如果国际海峡过宽，海峡中间形成公海或者 专属经济区，或者某一用于国际航行的海峡有在航行和 水文特征方面同样方便的一条穿过公海或者穿过专属经 济区的航道，则不适用于过境通行制度。因为这时候利 用穿过公海或者专属经济区就可以了 ii. Article 38 (1): For example, the Strait of Messina between Italy and Sicily. 如果海峡是由海峡沿岸国的一 个岛屿和该国大陆形成的，而且该岛向海一面有在航行 和水文特征方面的同样方便的的一条穿过公海或穿过专 属经济区的航道，也不适用过境通行。 iii. Article 45: （蒂伦海峡）在连接公海或专属经济区与另 一国领海的海峡不适用过境通行而用无害通过

8. Economic Exclusive Zone 1.Definition and historical background 1.1 EEZ: “a zone extending up to 200 miles from the baseline, within which coastal states extensive rights in relation to natural resources and related jurisdiction rights, and third states enjoy the freedom of navigation, overflight by aircraft and the laying of cables and pipelines”

9. 1.2 The fishery jurisdiction case Fact ; Issue Court’s decision --Recognized the validity of 12 nm claim --Failed to answer the question of 50 nm EEZ. The door was left open for the continued expansion by coastal states throughout 1970s EFZ and EEZ: --The right to claim an EEZ is discretionary and not mandatory. --The UK claimed for 200 nm EFZ “The UK already has a fishery zone extending to a maximum of 200 nm. Since rights over our continental shelf are inherent and do not have to be proclaimed, there would be no advantage in declaring such a zone”.

10. 2. The rights and duties of the coastal state in EEZ I. Non-living resources: coastal states have sovereign rights for exploring, conserving and managing the non-living resources in EEZ. ii. Living resources: exclusive fishing right. iii. Other economic right: such as the production of energy from the water and winds. vi. Construction of artificial islands and installations v. Marine scientific research vi. Pollution control

11. 3. Rights and duties of other states in EEZ: i. Navigation ii. Overflight iii. Laying of submarine cables and pipelines 4. Relationship between the rights of the costal states and the rights of other states: The mutual obligation of coastal states and other states to have due-regard to each other’s rights.

12. Continental shelf 1. Definition and historical background 1.1 Geography concept (1)continental shelf （大陆架） (2) continental slop （大陆坡） (3) continental rise （大陆基）

13. 1.2 Historical background: (1)In customary law, the Truman Proclamation (1945) “The Government of the United States regards the natural resources of the subsoil and seabed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the United States, subject to its jurisdiction and control.” (2) “200-metre isobath 等深线 plus exploitability” criteria--Art 1 of the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention “ The seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of 200 metres or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the superjacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of the said areas……”

14. (3) “200 mile plus continental margin” criteria---art 76(1) of UNCLOS: “The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance.” 沿海国的大陆架包括其领海以外依其陆地领土的全部自 然延伸，扩展到大陆边外缘的海底区域的海床和底土， 如果从测算领海宽度的基线量起到大陆边的外缘的距离 不到二百海里，则扩展到二百海里的距离

15. 1.3 Outer (Seaward) limit of the continental shelf---(UNCLOS Art 76) (1) Within 200 nautical miles---art 76 (1): The sea bed reaching 200 miles from the sea- line, and 如果从测算领海宽度的基线量起到大陆的外缘 的距离不到 200 海里，则扩展到 200 海里。 (2) If there is outer range of the continental shelf (more than 200 miles), the “Irish formula” will be used. (art 74)---i.e., it could be within 350 miles of the baseline or within 100 miles of the 2500-metre isobath 等深线.

16. 2. Rights and duties of coastal states 2.1 Rights within 200 miles: (1)Sovereignty rights: “The mineral and other non-living resources of the sea-bed and subsoil together with living organisms belonging to sedentary 不迁栖 species (Art 77(4) of UNCLOS, art 2(4) of CSC) (2) The coastal states have the right to construct artificial islands, installations and other structures. (3) Scientific research.

17. 2.2 Rights outside 200 miles (1)Fishing rights: non-sedentary species, freedoms of the high seas. (2) The exploitation of non-living resources: pay to the International Sea Bed Authority, after first five years of exploitation. (3) Coastal states: limited controls over research.

18. 2.3 Limitation on the right of the costal countries (duties) (1) The exploration and exploitation : not result in any unjustifiable interference with navigation, fishing or the conservation of the living resources of the sea, nor result in any interference with fundamental oceanographic or other scientific research (CSC art 5); (2) The exercise of the rights : not infringe or result in any unjustifiable interference with navigation and other rights and freedoms of other States. (art 78.2 UNCLOS)

19. 3. Relationship between EEZ and Continental shelf: (1) The right of the costal counties: CS: the mineral and non-living resources; the exclusive exploring right for the coastal states. EEZ: mainly cover the biologic resources; other land- locked States and geographically disadvantaged States have equal rights. (2) Regime: CS: sea-bed and subsoil EEZ: water area, air space, sea-bed and subsoil within 200 miles from the baseline, including the continental shelf within 200 miles.

20. B A C K G R O U N D.. Ma p1 B A C K G R O U N D.. Ma p1

21. B A C K G R O U N D... Map3

22. Delimitation of maritime boundaries 1.Art 6 of the 1958 CSC (a) By Agreement; (b) The principle of equidistance plus special circumstances 2. The North Sea continental shelf case Court held : (1) The principle of equidistance was not applicable in this case (2) The natural prolongation rule was applied 3. 1982 UNCLOS (1) Agreement,Article 28 of ICJ Statute; equitable solution (2) Provisions of that agreement (3) Pending agreement: provisional arrangements Agreement: equitable solution (4) If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time: procedures provided for in Part XV compulsory jurisdiction

23. Next Class The High Sea Deep sea bed Case: “Nuclear Test Ban Treaty” –Tim 223