Insect Transmitted Viruses: Global Themes in the new IPM CRSP Sue A. Tolin 5 th National IPM Symposium St. Louis April 6, 2006

Why Insect Transmitted Viruses? Phase I of IPM CRSP –Participatory Appraisals identified viruses as major constraints in vegetable production –There was little expertise across the CRSP Phase II of IPM CRSP –Virus and vector identification projects, and approaches to management began –Biotechnology projects to characterize virus diversity, and develop resistance in hosts (P032)

Regional sites with virus IPM South America Central America Caribbean West Africa Southeast Asia South Asia East Africa Eastern Europe

Insect Transmitted Virus Projects in the New IPM CRSP Thrips-borne tospoviruses in vegetable cropping systems in South and Southeast Asia Aphid and whitefly-borne viruses in Central America, the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Insect transmitted viruses in Central America, the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa Chair: Sue Tolin, Virginia Tech U.S. Partners Judy Brown, Jim Sell - U. Arizona Mike Deom, U. Georgia Bob Gilbertson, U. California -Davis IARC Partners AVRDC - Sylvia Green (Mali, Central America) IITA - James Legg (Tanzania, Cameroon, Burkino Faso)

Global Partners Central America –Honduras –Guatemala – U. del Valle Caribbean –Jamaica - U. West Indies; Min. Agriculture –Dominican Republic - IDIAF Africa – IITA, AVRDC –Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali

Why? Central America, Caribbean, Africa Prior experience and expertise Serious virus disease problems Whitefly-transmitted viruses DNA: Geminivirus Aphid-transmitted viruses RNA: Potyvirus, Cucumovirus Seed-transmitted viruses (?)

Objectives 1.Information and databases 2.Diagnostic approaches and capacity 3.Ecosystem analyses and design of ecologically-based IPM approaches 4.Resistance to viruses and vectors as IPM tactics 5.Socio-economic analyses Link with other global themes and regional site projects

1. Develop crop-based database of viruses –Vegetable crops in host countries –Virus identity, distribution, molecular diversity –Vector species identity, diversity, phenology –Ecology: weed hosts, transmissibility Mine available data sources, published, unpublished, prior diagnostic data, etc. 2.Develop, optimize, and utilize advanced diagnostic resources for diagnosis of viral diseases and vectors –Assess and improve capabilities –Training

Virus presentes en Honduras Begomovirus - DNA (Universidad de Wisconsin ) (ToSLCV) Tomato severe leaf curl virus (TMMoV) Tomato mild mottle virus Tomato Havan virus (BGMV) Bean golden mosaic virus (Universidad de Arizona) ToGMoV -Tomato golden mottle virus TMoV - Tomato mottle virus PeGMV - Pepper golden mosaic virus PHV - Pepper Huasteco virus SLCV - Squash leaf curl virus Poster P114 Potyvirus (genérico) (TEV) Tobaco etch virus (PVY) Potato virus Y (PeMoV) Pepper mottle virus (WMV) Watermelon mosaic virus (ZYMV) Zuchini yellow mosaic virus (PRSV) Papaya ring spot virus Tobamovirus (ToMV) Tomato Mosaic Virus (PMMoV) Pepper mild mottle virus Cucumovirus (CMV) Cucumber mosaic virus Tospovirus (TSWV) Tomato spotted Wilt virus

Objective 3: Ecosystem analyses Diagnosis of virus and vector problems, prediction of potential management practices, and introduction of ecologically-based management practices –Large plantings –Small, diversified systems –Protected agriculture, as greenhouses Vegetable crops: solanaceous, cucurbits, legumes

Activities in Ecosystem analyses African cropping systems –Assessment of predominant, problematic viral diseases and vectors Whiteflies and geminiviruses Design and validate IPM systems –Tobacco etch virus in pepper in Jamaica Transfer to Honduras, Dominican Republic –Spatial-temporal dynamics of vector and virus Performance of ecologically-based systems: Host-free periods –Salama Valley of Guatemala (ongoing) –Ocoa Valley of Dominican Republic (starting)

Objective 4: Resistance to virus Identify and deploy varieties with disease resistance to economically important insect-transmitted viruses –Accumulate information for specific crops and regions in host countries Obtain germplasm, distribute, provide screening methodologies –Explore use of transgenic resistance –Explore induced resistance

Objective 5: Socioeconomic analyses of deployment of virus management practices –Develop survey instrument –Compare Salama Valley of Guatemala without host-free period to Dominican Republic with host-free period

Outcomes of this Global Theme Shared information on viruses to look for in specific crops and cropping systems Optimization of diagnostics for each virus ‘Standards’ for ecosystem analysis of virus/vector research and approaches to IPM systems Acceptability of practices used for IPM for virus diseases, including resistance Capacity-building, training programs

Linkages within the IPM CRSP Regional Sites –Latin America and Caribbean –West Africa –East Africa Global Themes –Diagnostics –Information Technology –Impact Assessment –Insect Transmitted Tospoviruses

Integrated Management of Thrips-borne Tospoviruses in Vegetable Cropping Systems in South Asia and Southeast Asia Region Lead Principal Investigator Naidu A. Rayapati (Poster P072) Washington State University Partner U.S. Institutions Scott AdkinsDavid G. Riley USDA ARS USHRL The University of Georgia, Tifton Fort Pierce, FL Host Country Partners Ravi Kankanallu Chatchawan Chaisuekul Virologist Entomologist Mahyco Research Center Chulalongkorn Univ. IndiaThailand

Why Tospoviruses A serious threat to vegetables, ornamentals, food and cash crops ~1000 species of plants in about 70 plant families (dicots & monocots) an estimated global yield losses of up to $1 billion Tomato Peanut Tobacco Pepper Potato Ornamentals

Thrips (Thysanoptera) Tospoviruses multiply in plant hosts and in their thrips vectors ♂ Plants ♀ Virus Particles

Why the S & SE Asia Region ? Tospoviruses are emerging as a significant limiting factor for vegetable production ~ 50% (7/15) of ‘global’ tospoviruses occur in the region 50% (6/12) of vector thrips species known globally occur in the region Expertise to deal with tospovirus diseases is lacking

1. Conduct strategic research on tospoviruses and thrips vectors 2. Carryout applied and adaptive research to deploy ‘eco-friendly’ IPM strategies to control tospovirus diseases 3. Develop strategies for strengthening institutional capacities within host countries to conduct problem-oriented research on virus diseases Proposal Objectives

Objective 1: Conduct strategic research on tospoviruses and thrips vectors Activity (i) : Characterization and diversity of economically important tospoviruses Activity (ii): Identification of the principal vector thrips species and study their vectoring capacity Activity (iii):Develop diagnostic methods for the detection of tospoviruses in plants and thrips Objective 2: Build institutional capacity within host countries Graduate students – “Sandwich” program Revised Objectives

Thailand CaCV CaCV WSMV WSMV MYSV MYSV Geographic structuring of tospoviruses within S & SE Asia region India PBNV WBNV PYSV IYSV

Peanut bud necrosis virus on tomato in India K.S. Ravi: Mahyco Research Center

Capsicum chlorosis virus in Thailand Pepper CaCV-tomato Tomato P. Chiemsombat, Kasetsart University

Global Project Impact Assessment Develop Partnerships Regional Project South Asia Regional Project Southeast Asia Global Project Regional Diagnostic Laboratories Global Project Viruses in Africa, Caribbean, C. America Global Project Viruses in S & SEA Establish a network of institutions in South & Southeast Asia countries to address activities of common interest between Global and Regional IPM projects Poster P072

Insect Transmitted Virus Projects in the New IPM CRSP Thrips-borne tospoviruses in vegetable cropping systems in South and Southeast Asia Aphid and whitefly-borne viruses in Central America, the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa