 313 : Edict of Milan by Constantine  Legalized Christianity  380 —Theodosius I  Declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire  All other religions were outlawed

 Split of Empire:  West  Culture and language: Latin  Main city: Rome then Milan, Lyons, Poitiers, Tours, Lutetia…  East  Cultures and Language: Greek  Main cities: Constantinople then Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem

 Secularization  Secularization of Christianity Shortening of catechumenate Bishops as secular rulers  Christianization  Christianization of society Churches everywhere Christian names and celebrations

 Arius (d. 336)— priest in Alexandria  Key views:  Father alone is God.  Jesus was “made” and has a beginning.  Bishop Alexander of Alexandria (d. 339)—tells Arius he must repent.  Becomes an international dispute.  Arians controlled much of the Roman Empire. In 358, there was even an Arian creed passed, which made it illegal to say homoousious.

 Constantine (d. 338) advised to call a council.  Council of Nicaea (325) & new creed  Jesus is “true God from true God.”  Jesus is “begotten, not made.” homoousious  Jesus is from “the substance of the Father.”— homoousious (consubstantial)  Many anathemas against Arius and his beliefs.  Arius is exiled, and he disappears. But the real dispute lives on…

 Athanasius  Athanasius of Alexandria (d. 373) bishop and defender of Christ as God  The deification reasoning : Only God can make us God-like. Jesus makes us God-like, therefore Jesus is God.”  Sent on 5 exiles!  Wrote a Life of Antony.

 The Council of Constantinople (381)  Formula: God is 3 persons in one essence.

 Monk and later Bishop of Milan  Renowned preacher  Fights against lay investitures.  Fights heresies  Mentors Augustine

 Bishop, monk, teacher, & theologian  Late conversion in life.  He went to hear a speech…the opponent was St. Ambrose.  Scenes in the Garden (386) when he hears a child’s voice say, “Take and read.”

 Fought numerous heretics: Manicheans, Donatists, Pelagians, & Arians  Defends Christianity against the barbarians in The City of God  Autobiography of his life and conversion: Confessions  Wrote a set of monastic rules

 His ideas became the basis of Christianity.  One, Holy, catholic  Sacraments: Power of Christ  Man and woman are equal  Grace: As a gift from God  Original Sin

 Alexandrian view:  “Perfect divinity of Christ”  Jesus has no human mind  The concern  Problems with this view

 Antiochene View:  “Perfect humanity of Christ”  Biblical basis proves Jesus is fully human  View: Jesus was man fully possessed by God from birth.  Slogan: “Two natures in one person.”  Problems with this view

 Antiochene View:  John Chrysostom (d. 407)

 Antiochene View:  John Chrysostom (d. 407)  Preacher & monk  “Golden mouthed”  Named Patriarch of Constantinople  Wrote On the Priesthood

 St. Cyril of Alexandria ( )  Christ is a hypostatic union; He is one hypostasis.  Council of Ephesus (431)

 Council of Chalcedon (451)  Pope Leo I (Papacy: ) a.k.a. Leo the Great  Tome finds the answer.  Fully human AND fully divine  Finally Leo’s Tome is approved along with the definition of the Council of Chalcedon.  “2 natures…in 1 person”  “…one substance” ( hypostasis )  Mary as Theotokos and respect for the unity of Christ  Homoousious with the Father

 Scholar, historian, & monk  Translated the Bible into Latin Vulgate (397)  Vulgate became the “official” Bible for the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent ( )