LOGO LESSON 2 REASONING By Miss.Manita Modphai

Contents Inductive Reasoning 1 Deductive Reasoning 2 Relation with Venn Diagram 4 Type of Argument 3

Vocabularies for Reasoning Inductive Deductive Investigation Analyzing อุปนัย นิรนัย การตรวจสอบ การวิเคราะห์

Vocabularies for Reasoning Statement Premise Conclusion Result ประโยค / ข้อความ เหตุ ข้อสรุป ผลลัพธ์

Vocabularies for Reasoning Observation Argument Valid Invalid การสังเกต การอ้าง เหตุผล สมเหตุสมผล ไม่ สมเหตุสมผล

Inductive Reasoning  Inductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a general conclusion by examing specific examples or after analysing a set of servation  Premises of the inductive reasoning are purely based on the observations. This type of inductive reasoning is used in …  Method of formulating suggestion.  Very vital for procedural innovation.  Finding theories.

Inductive Reasoning  Ex1 Calculate the missing two values C and D in the given terms Using the inductive reasoning method  C = = 71  D = = C C D D +14

Inductive Reasoning  Ex2 Calculate the missing two values C and D in the given terms Using the inductive reasoning method E = = E E

Inductive Reasoning  Ex3 Calculate the missing values in the given terms 1 x 1 = 1 11 x 11= x 111 = x =……………………… Using the inductive reasoning method E = = 63 …

Inductive Reasoning  Ex3 Calculate the missing values in the given pattern. Using the inductive reasoning method (a + b) x (a – b) = C (7 + 2) x (7 – 2) = 9 x 5 = c c a a b b ? ? 2 2

Inductive Reasoning  Ex4 What is the sum of the following numbers? = = = 101 The sum of 1 to 100 = 101 x 50 = pairs ….

Inductive Reasoning  From Ex4... The sum of 1 to n is (n – 2) + (n – 1) + n 1 + n 2 + (n – 1) = 1 + n 3 + (n – 2) = 1 + n …. n pairs 2 n pairs 2 The sum of 1 to n = n(n + 1) 2 The sum of 1 to n = n(n + 1) 2

Inductive Reasoning  Find the sum of the following numbers. 1) ) ) ) )

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Deductive Reasoning  Deductive Reasoning is a methodology or technique that is used to construct a series of steps usually called as deductive arguments or premises based on which the final result or conclusion is achieved.

Deductive Reasoning  Example 1 1. The average age of women living in Thailand is Mrs. Mary is a women living in Thailand. 3. Therefore, Mrs. Mary is supposed to live till the age of 75. Premise Conclusion

Deductive Reasoning  Example 2 1. X is a natural number and perfectly divisible by Y. 2. Y is a natural number and perfectly divisible by Z. 3. Therefore, X is a natural number and perfectly divisible by Z. Premise Conclusion

Argument  An argument consists of a set of statements. The statement can be a short sentence or phrase that is used to express certain arguments. An argument are including 2 Part 1) Premise 1 Premise 2 2)Conclusion ….

Type of Argument Type of Argument are 2 type a valid argument is one where the conclusion follows from the premises. an Invalid is the rule of logic do not apply. Valid Invalid

LOGO Argument  Example 1 Premise : 1. All birds have wings. 2. A parrot is a bird. Conclusion : Therefore, a parrot has wings. Ans : Valid argument

Argument  Example 2 Premise : 1. All man are mortal. 2. Socrates is a man. Conclusion : Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Ans : Valid argument

Argument  Example 3 Premise : 1. All P are Q. 2. S is a P. Conclusion : Therefore, S is a Q. Ans : Valid argument

Argument  Example 4 Premise : 1. If x = 8 Conclusion : Therefore, x – 3 = 2 Ans : Invalid argument

Argument  Example 5 Complete the following argument with a suitable conclusion. Premise : 1. All fruits are food. 2. Apple is fruit. Conclusion : Apple is food.

Argument  Example 6 Complete the following argument with a suitable conclusion. Premise : 1. All men are engineer. 2. All engineers are clever. 3. Sam is a man. Conclusion : Sam is clever.

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